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BMC Research Notes Nov 2015Despite the research importance of rhinovirus detection in asymptomatic healthy infants, the literature remains sparse.
BACKGROUND
Despite the research importance of rhinovirus detection in asymptomatic healthy infants, the literature remains sparse.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (and its species).
METHODS
We conducted a cross-sectional study of 110 healthy, non-hospitalized infants without acute illness at an academic medical center from November 2013 through May 2014. We tested nasal swab specimens by using polymerase chain reaction and genetic sequencing.
RESULTS
Overall, the median age was 3.8 months (IQR 2.0-5.1 months), 56 % were male, and 90% were born >37 weeks. RSV was detected in nasal swabs from infants (1.8%). By contrast, rhinovirus was detected in nasal swabs from 16 infants (14.5%). Molecular typing assay revealed rhinovirus species: six rhinovirus-A (5.5%), one rhinovirus-B (0.9%), eight rhinovirus-C (7.3%), and one untypeable (0.9%).
CONCLUSIONS
In this cross-sectional study of healthy, community-based infants, RSV was rare (<2%) in nasal swabs, while rhinovirus was detected in 14.5% with a predominance of rhinovirus-A and -C. These finding are important for understanding the clinical significance of rhinovirus detection among infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Infant; Male; Molecular Typing; Nasal Cavity; Picornaviridae Infections; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reproducibility of Results; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Rhinovirus; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Specimen Handling
PubMed: 26608824
DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1695-6 -
International Journal of Infectious... May 2022Rhinoviruses are commonly considered simple "common cold" agents. The link between their molecular epidemiology and patient clinical presentation and outcomes remains...
BACKGROUND
Rhinoviruses are commonly considered simple "common cold" agents. The link between their molecular epidemiology and patient clinical presentation and outcomes remains unclear in adult populations.
MATERIALS/METHODS
All nasopharyngeal or bronchoalveolar lavages were screened using multiplex PCR in 3 Parisian hospitals from January 2018 to September 2018. For all detected rhinoviruses, the VP2/VP4 region was subtyped by sequencing.
RESULTS
The study included 178 unique patients who were positive for human rhinovirus (HRV). They were primarily men (56%), with a median age of 62.2 years (IQR: 46.8-71.4), frequently presenting chronic respiratory diseases (56%) and/or immunosuppression (46%). Of these, 63% were admitted for respiratory distress, including 25% for pneumonia; 95 (53%), 27 (15%), and 56 (32%) were positive for HRV-A, -B, and -C, respectively. HRV-B appeared to be more associated with immunosuppressive treatments (58% vs 30% and 36% of patients for HRV-A and -C, respectively, p = 0.038), higher coinfection rates (54% vs 34% and 23%, p = 0.03), and higher intensive care unit (ICU) admission rates (35% vs 17% and 13%, p = 0.048). Conversely, HRV-A was more frequently associated with pneumonia (54% vs 31% and 11% for HRV-B and -C, respectively, p = 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
This study highlights the high proportion of chronic respiratory diseases or immunosuppression among hospitalized patients infected with a rhinovirus.
IMPORTANT
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are frequently detected in patients hospitalized for respiratory distress. Understanding their molecular differences is crucial to finding target treatments and improving patient outcomes.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Enterovirus; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phylogeny; Picornaviridae Infections; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 35248716
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.02.055 -
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology,... Apr 2019Human rhinovirus (HRV) can cause severe illnesses in hospitalized patients. However, there are no studies regarding the prevalence of HRV infection, particularly the...
BACKGROUND
Human rhinovirus (HRV) can cause severe illnesses in hospitalized patients. However, there are no studies regarding the prevalence of HRV infection, particularly the recently identified HRV-C, in hospitalized patients reported from Taiwan.
METHODS
Respiratory specimens collected from 487 hospitalized patients in designated wards between 2013 and 2014 in a medical center in northern Taiwan were retrospectively detected for HRV. Positive specimens were further determined for genotyping. Medical charts of the HRV-positive patients were reviewed retrospectively.
RESULTS
Totally, 76 patients (15.6%) were HRV positive, of which 60 were pediatric patients. HRV-A was identified in 41 (54%) patients, HRV-B in 6 patients (7.9%) and HRV-C in 29 patients (38%). A total of 47 different genotypes were identified. HRV infections were predominant during fall and winter seasons. 21.1% were affected by HRV alone and 78.9% were found to be co-infected with other microorganisms. The detection rate of HRV in children (18.6%) was significantly higher than in adults (9.6%). Compared with pediatric patients, adult patients were significantly associated with underlying disease, Pneumocystis jirovesii pneumonia co-infection, a diagnosis of pneumonia, fatal outcome, hospital acquisition of HRV, antibiotics administration and requiring intensive care, while pediatric patients were significantly associated with viral co-infection.
CONCLUSIONS
HRV was a common cause of respiratory tract infection in Taiwan, particularly in pediatric patients. Eighty percent of HRV-infected inpatients had other microorganisms co-infection. Adult patients were more likely to be associated with a severe respiratory disease entity.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Coinfection; Enterovirus; Female; Genotype; Hospitals; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Molecular Epidemiology; Molecular Typing; Picornaviridae Infections; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis; Prevalence; Respiratory Tract Infections; Retrospective Studies; Rhinovirus; Taiwan; Young Adult
PubMed: 30201131
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.08.009 -
Genome Announcements Mar 2014Full-length or nearly full-length RNA genome sequences for 98 rhinovirus (RV) A isolates (from the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family), representing 43...
Full-length or nearly full-length RNA genome sequences for 98 rhinovirus (RV) A isolates (from the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family), representing 43 different genotypes, were resolved as part of ongoing studies to define RV genetic diversity and its potential link to respiratory disease.
PubMed: 24675855
DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00200-14 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Bacteria are well known to provide heterologous immunity against viral infections through various mechanisms including the induction of innate trained immunity and...
Bacteria are well known to provide heterologous immunity against viral infections through various mechanisms including the induction of innate trained immunity and adaptive cross-reactive immunity. Cross-reactive immunity from bacteria to viruses is responsible for long-term protection and yet its role has been downplayed due the difficulty of determining antigen-specific responses. Here, we carried out a systematic evaluation of the potential cross-reactive immunity from selected bacteria known to induce heterologous immunity against various viruses causing recurrent respiratory infections. The bacteria selected in this work were Bacillus Calmette Guerin and those included in the poly-bacterial preparation MV130: , , , , and . The virus included influenza A and B viruses, human rhinovirus A, B and C, respiratory syncytial virus A and B and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Through BLAST searches, we first identified the shared peptidome space (identity ≥ 80%, in at least 8 residues) between bacteria and viruses, and subsequently predicted T and B cell epitopes within shared peptides. Interestingly, the potential epitope spaces shared between bacteria in MV130 and viruses are non-overlapping. Hence, combining diverse bacteria can enhance cross-reactive immunity. We next analyzed in detail the cross-reactive T and B cell epitopes between MV130 and influenza A virus. We found that MV130 contains numerous cross-reactive T cell epitopes with high population protection coverage and potentially neutralizing B cell epitopes recognizing hemagglutinin and matrix protein 2. These results contribute to explain the immune enhancing properties of MV130 observed in the clinic against respiratory viral infections.
Topics: Humans; Antiviral Agents; Influenza A virus; Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Bacteria; Vaccines
PubMed: 37675108
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1235053 -
Antiviral Research Sep 2017Rhinovirus, a major causative agent of the common cold, is associated with exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Currently, there is no...
Rhinovirus, a major causative agent of the common cold, is associated with exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Currently, there is no antiviral treatment or vaccine for human rhinovirus (HRV). Gemcitabine (2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine, dFdC) is a deoxycytidine analog with antiviral activity against rhinovirus, as well as enterovirus 71, in vitro. However, the antiviral effects of gemcitabine in vivo have not been investigated. In the current study, we assessed whether gemcitabine mediated antiviral effects in the murine HRV infection model. Intranasal administration of gemcitabine significantly lowered pulmonary viral load and inflammation by decreasing proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-1β, and reduction in the number of lung-infiltrating lymphocytes. Interestingly, we found that the addition of UTP and CTP significantly attenuated the antiviral activity of gemcitabine. Thus the limitation of UTP and CTP by the addition of gemcitabine may inhibit the viral RNA synthesis. These results suggest that gemcitabine, an antineoplastic drug, can be repositioned as an antiviral drug to inhibit HRV infection.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Cytokines; Deoxycytidine; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Repositioning; Humans; Inflammation; Lung; Mice; Picornaviridae Infections; RNA, Viral; Rhinovirus; Viral Load; Virus Replication; Gemcitabine
PubMed: 28705625
DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.07.003 -
Risk Analysis : An Official Publication... Mar 2024The risk assessments during the COVID-19 pandemic were primarily based on dose-response models derived from the pooled datasets for infection of animals susceptible to...
The risk assessments during the COVID-19 pandemic were primarily based on dose-response models derived from the pooled datasets for infection of animals susceptible to SARS-CoV. Despite similarities, differences in susceptibility between animals and humans exist for respiratory viruses. The two most commonly used dose-response models for calculating the infection risk of respiratory viruses are the exponential and the Stirling approximated β-Poisson (BP) models. The modified version of the one-parameter exponential model or the Wells-Riley model was almost solely used for infection risk assessments during the pandemic. Still, the two-parameter (α and β) Stirling approximated BP model is often recommended compared to the exponential dose-response model due to its flexibility. However, the Stirling approximation restricts this model to the general rules of β ≫ 1 and α ≪ β, and these conditions are very often violated. To refrain from these requirements, we tested a novel BP model by using the Laplace approximation of the Kummer hypergeometric function instead of the conservative Stirling approximation. The datasets of human respiratory airborne viruses available in the literature for human coronavirus (HCoV-229E) and human rhinovirus (HRV-16 and HRV-39) are used to compare the four dose-response models. Based on goodness-of-fit criteria, the exponential model was the best fitting model for the HCoV-229E (k = 0.054) and for HRV-39 datasets (k = 1.0), whereas the Laplace approximated BP model followed by the exact and Stirling approximated BP models are preferred for both the HRV-16 (α = 0.152 and β = 0.021 for Laplace BP) and the HRV-16 and HRV-39 pooled datasets (α = 0.2247 and β = 0.0215 for Laplace BP).
Topics: Animals; Humans; Rhinovirus; Pandemics; COVID-19; Coronavirus 229E, Human; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 37317640
DOI: 10.1111/risa.14178 -
European Journal of Pediatrics Jul 2014Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are a common cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) and are associated with chronic respiratory morbidity. Our aim was to...
UNLABELLED
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are a common cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) and are associated with chronic respiratory morbidity. Our aim was to determine whether HRV species A or C were associated with chronic respiratory morbidity and increased health care utilisation in prematurely born infants. A number of 153 infants with a median gestational age of 34 (range 23-35) weeks were prospectively followed. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected whenever the infants had LRTIs regardless of hospitalisation status. Parents completed a respiratory diary card and health questionnaire about their infant when they were 11 and 12 months corrected age, respectively. The health-related cost of care during infancy was calculated from the medical records using the National Health Service (NHS) reference costing scheme and the British National Formulary for children. There were 32 infants that developed 40 HRV LRTIs; samples were available from 23 of the 32 infants for subtyping. Nine infants had HRV-A LRTIs, 13 HRV-C LRTIs, and one infant had a HRV-B LRTI. Exclusion of infants who also had RSV LRTIs revealed that the infants who had a HRV-C LRTI were more likely to wheeze (p < 0.0005) and use respiratory medications (p < 0.0005) and had more days of wheeze (p = 0.01) and used an inhaler (p = 0.02) than the no LRTI group. In addition, the respiratory cost of care was greater for the HRV-C LRTI than the no LRTI group (p < 0.0005).
CONCLUSION
Our results suggest HRV-C is associated with chronic respiratory morbidity during infancy in prematurely born infants.
Topics: Cohort Studies; Female; Gestational Age; Health Care Costs; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Male; Nasopharynx; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Picornaviridae Infections; Prospective Studies; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; United Kingdom
PubMed: 24493557
DOI: 10.1007/s00431-014-2262-1 -
PLoS Pathogens Aug 2014Non-enveloped viruses must deliver their viral genome across a cell membrane without the advantage of membrane fusion. The mechanisms used to achieve this remain poorly...
Non-enveloped viruses must deliver their viral genome across a cell membrane without the advantage of membrane fusion. The mechanisms used to achieve this remain poorly understood. Human rhinovirus, a frequent cause of the common cold, is a non-enveloped virus of the picornavirus family, which includes other significant pathogens such as poliovirus and foot-and-mouth disease virus. During picornavirus cell entry, the small myristoylated capsid protein VP4 is released from the virus, interacts with the cell membrane and is implicated in the delivery of the viral RNA genome into the cytoplasm to initiate replication. In this study, we have produced recombinant C-terminal histidine-tagged human rhinovirus VP4 and shown it can induce membrane permeability in liposome model membranes. Dextran size-exclusion studies, chemical crosslinking and electron microscopy demonstrated that VP4 forms a multimeric membrane pore, with a channel size consistent with transfer of the single-stranded RNA genome. The membrane permeability induced by recombinant VP4 was influenced by pH and was comparable to permeability induced by infectious virions. These findings present a molecular mechanism for the involvement of VP4 in cell entry and provide a model system which will facilitate exploration of VP4 as a novel antiviral target for the picornavirus family.
Topics: Blotting, Western; Capsid Proteins; Cell Membrane Permeability; HeLa Cells; Humans; Liposomes; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Recombinant Proteins; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 25102288
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004294 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2021Viral infections are the leading cause of childhood acute febrile illnesses motivating consultation in sub-Saharan Africa. The majority of causal viruses are never...
Viral infections are the leading cause of childhood acute febrile illnesses motivating consultation in sub-Saharan Africa. The majority of causal viruses are never identified in low-resource clinical settings as such testing is either not part of routine screening or available diagnostic tools have limited ability to detect new/unexpected viral variants. An in-depth exploration of the blood virome is therefore necessary to clarify the potential viral origin of fever in children. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing is a powerful tool for such broad investigations, allowing the detection of RNA and DNA viral genomes. Here, we describe the blood virome of 816 febrile children (<5 years) presenting at outpatient departments in Dar es Salaam over one-year. We show that half of the patients (394/816) had at least one detected virus recognized as causes of human infection/disease (13.8% enteroviruses (enterovirus A, B, C, and rhinovirus A and C), 12% rotaviruses, 11% human herpesvirus type 6). Additionally, we report the detection of a large number of viruses (related to arthropod, vertebrate or mammalian viral species) not yet known to cause human infection/disease, highlighting those who should be on the radar, deserve specific attention in the febrile paediatric population and, more broadly, for surveillance of emerging pathogens. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02225769.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Fever; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Metagenomics; Retrospective Studies; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Tanzania; Virus Diseases; Viruses
PubMed: 33929935
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1925161