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Iranian Journal of Microbiology Feb 2023Carotenoid pigments are among the most important pigments and have many applications in various food, cosmetics, hygiene industries and biotechnology. These pigments are...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Carotenoid pigments are among the most important pigments and have many applications in various food, cosmetics, hygiene industries and biotechnology. These pigments are produced by plants and microorganisms including spp. This research intended to study the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of the carotenoid pigment from on food spoilage bacteria ( and Typhimurium).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The was isolated from milk samples of cows with mastitis and ITS sequence-based typing was performed on them. After extracting the pigment from , its purity was examined using thin-layer chromatography. Following that, the broth microdilution method was used to evaluate antimicrobial effects of the pigment and MtP assay and subsequently scanning electron microscopy were used to assess the antibiofilm effects. In addition, the sub-MIC effects of the pigment on expression of quorum-sensing (QS) genes in . Typhimurium isolates ( and ) and isolates () were studied. Finally, the degree of toxicity of the pigment was analyzed using the MTT assay.
RESULTS
ITS sequence analysis of revealed that the recently separated isolates exhibited strong differences with the strains recorded in NCBI database in genetic structure. The pigment produced by had strong antimicrobial effects and its mean MIC against Typhimurium isolates (17.0 μl.ml) was higher than the mean MIC against the isolates (4.1 μl.ml). Electron microscope images and real-time observations indicated that the sub-MIC values of the pigment suppressed biofilm formation by suppressing expression of QS genes. In addition, the mentioned pigment at high MIC concentrations did not have toxic effects on Vero cells.
CONCLUSION
This research suggests that pigment is effective in destroying the planktonic form of food spoilage bacteria and degrading food spoilage biofilm-forming bacteria. Moreover, considering the low toxicity level of pigment for eukaryotic cells, we can suggest its use as a natural antibacterial preservative in various food materials.
PubMed: 37069901
DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v15i1.11922 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2016Biotransformation of L-tyrosine methyl ester (L-TM) to the methyl ester of para- hydroxycinnamic acid (p-HCAM) using Rhodotorula glutinis yeast phenylalanine/tyrosine...
Rhodotorula glutinis Phenylalanine/Tyrosine Ammonia Lyase Enzyme Catalyzed Synthesis of the Methyl Ester of para-Hydroxycinnamic Acid and its Potential Antibacterial Activity.
Biotransformation of L-tyrosine methyl ester (L-TM) to the methyl ester of para- hydroxycinnamic acid (p-HCAM) using Rhodotorula glutinis yeast phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia lyase (PTAL; EC 4.3.1.26) enzyme was successfully demonstrated for the first time; progress of the reaction was followed by spectrophotometric determination at 315 nm. The following conditions were optimized for maximal formation of p-HCAM: pH (8.5), temperature (37°C), speed of agitation (50 rpm), enzyme concentration (0.080 μM), and substrate concentration (0.50 mM). Under these conditions, the yield of the reaction was ∼15% in 1 h incubation period and ∼63% after an overnight (∼18 h) incubation period. The product (p-HCAM) of the reaction of PTAL with L-TM was confirmed using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR) was carried out to rule out potential hydrolysis of p-HCAM during overnight incubation. Potential antibacterial activity of p-HCAM was tested against several strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This study describes a synthetically useful transformation, and could have future clinical and industrial applications.
PubMed: 27014206
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00281 -
Ecotoxicology (London, England) Dec 2018The possible involvement of the epiphytic yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis and Rhodotorula rubra in the biodegradation of the insecticide chlorpyrifos and its metabolite...
The possible involvement of the epiphytic yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis and Rhodotorula rubra in the biodegradation of the insecticide chlorpyrifos and its metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP), in pure cultures and in plant surfaces (tomato fruits) was investigated. Higher biodegradation rates were observed as the concentration of chlorpyrifos and the inoculum of the microorganisms were increased, while the yeasts proved to be more active at 25 and 15 °C. The presence of glucose in the mineral nutrient medium, as an extra source of carbon, delayed the biodegradation by Rhodotorula glutinis, while Rhodotorula rubra proved to be more active. The detection and quantification of the parent compound and TCP was successfully achieved using a LC/MS/MS chromatographic system. The in vitro enzymatic assays applied suggested that esterases may be involved in the biodegradation of chlorpyrifos, a fact that was further enhanced after the addition of the synergists triphenyl phosphate, diethyl maleate and piperonyl butoxide in the biodegradation trials. The decrease of chlorpyrifos residues on tomato fruits confirmed the corresponding on pure cultures, resulting in the suggestion that the yeasts R. glutinis and R. rubra can possibly be used successfully for the removal or detoxification of chlorpyrifos residues on tomatoes.
Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Chlorpyrifos; Insecticides; Pyridones; Rhodotorula
PubMed: 30343485
DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1992-7 -
International Journal of Biological... Jun 2024Rhodotorula spp. has been studied as one powerful source for a novel cell factory with fast growth and its high added-value biomolecules. However, its inadequate genome...
A chromosome-scale genome provides new insights into the typical carotenoid biosynthesis in the important red yeast Rhodotorula glutinis QYH-2023 with anti-inflammatory effects.
Rhodotorula spp. has been studied as one powerful source for a novel cell factory with fast growth and its high added-value biomolecules. However, its inadequate genome and genomic annotation have hindered its widespread use in cosmetics and food industries. Rhodotorula glutinis QYH-2023, was isolated from rice rhizosphere soil, and the highest quality of the genome of the strain was obtained at chromosome level (18 chromosomes) than ever before in red yeast in this study. Comparative genomics analysis revealed that there are more key gene copies of carotenoids biosynthesis in R. glutinis QYH-2023 than other species of Rhodotorula spp. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis revealed that lipids and carotenoids biosynthesis was significantly enriched during fermentation. Subsequent investigation revealed that the over-expression of the strain three genes related to carotenoids biosynthesis in Komagataella phaffii significantly promoted the carotenoid production. Furthermore, in vitro tests initially confirmed that the longer the fermentation period, the synthesized metabolites controlled by R. glutinis QYH-2023 genome had the stronger anti-inflammatory properties. All of the findings revealed a high-quality reference genome which highlight the potential of R. glutinis strains to be employed as chassis cells for biosynthesizing carotenoids and other active chemicals.
Topics: Carotenoids; Rhodotorula; Genome, Fungal; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Fermentation; Chromosomes, Fungal; Genomics; Transcriptome
PubMed: 38719011
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132103 -
Indian Journal of Microbiology Jun 2020Lipid accumulation is generally believed to be a partially growth-coupled biochemical process that results in differences in lipid content between different cells. To...
Lipid accumulation is generally believed to be a partially growth-coupled biochemical process that results in differences in lipid content between different cells. To separate lipid-rich cells and increase the cellular biomass in bioreactors during the cultivation of the oleaginous yeasts, a gravity sedimentation system (GSS) is coupled to a bioreactor. The dilution rate () and the ratio of the outflow rate from the outlet of the GSS to the inflow rate into the bioreactor () were evaluated. The biomass in the bioreactor with GSS increased by 16.3% and 30.6% at values of 0.05 h (= 0.25) and 0.02 h (= 0.5), respectively. Interestingly, cells containing 39.3% lipids were obtained from the outlet of the GSS ( = 0.02 h, = 0.5), and the lipid content increased by 7.8% compared to that of the bioreactor. The results indicated that use of a GSS is a very effective method for increasing the cell concentration and separation of lipid-rich cells.
PubMed: 32255857
DOI: 10.1007/s12088-019-00849-3 -
Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia Sep 2008Rhodotorula is an emerging opportunistic pathogen, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Many cases of fungemia associated with catheters, endocarditis,... (Review)
Review
Rhodotorula is an emerging opportunistic pathogen, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Many cases of fungemia associated with catheters, endocarditis, peritonitis, meningitis, and endophthalmitis are infections incited by this yeast. The main purpose of this study was to review all cases of Rhodotorula infection reported in the literature and to describe risk factors, underlying conditions and outcome. From 128 cases, 79% were fungemia (103 cases), 7% eye infections (nine cases) and 5% (six cases) peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Eighty seven percent of Rhodotorula infections are associated with underlying immunosuppression or cancer. The most common isolated risk factor associated with Rhodotorula infection was the use of a central venous catheter, which was found in 83.4% of Rhodotorula fungemia (86 cases). Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was the most common species of fungemia (74% of cases), followed by Rhodotorula glutinis with 7.7%. The species was not identified in 17% of the cases of fungemias. Amphotericin was the drug of choice in the treatment of fungemia and most of the eye infections were treated with topical amphotericin, although all patients lost their vision. All peritonitis cases associated with continous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis needed to have the Tenckoff catheter changed. The overall mortality of Rhodotorula infection was 12.6%.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Mycoses; Rhodotorula; Risk Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 18785780
DOI: 10.1016/s1130-1406(08)70032-9 -
Case Reports in Dermatological Medicine 2014Rhodotorula spp. have emerged as opportunistic pathogens, particularly in immunocompromised patients. The current study reports a case of onychomycosis caused by...
Rhodotorula spp. have emerged as opportunistic pathogens, particularly in immunocompromised patients. The current study reports a case of onychomycosis caused by Rhodotorula glutinis in a 74-year-old immunocompetent female. The causative agent was identified as R. glutinis based on the pinkish-orange color; mucoid-appearing yeast colonies on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar at 25°C; morphological evaluation in the Corn Meal-Tween 80 agar; observed oval/round budding yeast at 25°C for 72 hours; no observed pseudohyphae; positive urease activity at 25°C for 4 days; and assimilation features detected by API ID 32C kit and automated Vitek Yeast Biochemical Card 2 system. Antifungal susceptibility test results were as follows: amphotericin B (MIC = 0.5 µg/mL), fluconazole (MIC = 128 µg/mL), itraconazole (MIC = 0.125 µg/mL), voriconazole (MIC = 1 µg/mL), posaconazole (MIC = 0.5 µg/mL), anidulafungin (MIC = 0.5 µg/mL), and caspofungin (MIC = 16 µg/mL). Antifungal therapy was initiated with oral itraconazole at a dose of 400 mg/day; seven-day pulse therapy was planned at intervals of three weeks. Clinical recovery was observed in the clinical evaluation of the patient before the start of the third cure. Although R. glutinis has rarely been reported as the causative agent of onychomycosis, it should be considered.
PubMed: 25328721
DOI: 10.1155/2014/563261 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Aug 2023Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a zero-cost substrate for numerous value-added compounds. Although several studies on the production of lipids and carotenoids by...
Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a zero-cost substrate for numerous value-added compounds. Although several studies on the production of lipids and carotenoids by Rhodotorula glutinis in OMW exist, none of them has specifically focused on the conditions for a target lipid or carotenoid. This study presents cultivation conditions that selectively stimulate the cell biomass, individual carotenoids and lipids. It was found that supplemental carbon and nitrogen sources as well as illumination affected cell biomass the most. High temperature, low initial pH, illumination, lack of urea and presence of glycerol stimulated the lipid synthesis. The highest total lipid content obtained in undiluted OMW supplemented with urea was 11.08 ± 0.17% (w/w) whilst it was 41.40 ± 0.21% (w/w) when supplemented with glycerol. Moreover, the main fatty acid produced by R. glutinis in all media was oleic acid, whose fraction reached 63.94 ± 0.58%. Total carotenoid yield was significantly increased with low initial pH, high temperature, illumination, certain amounts of urea, glycerol and cultivation time. Up to 192.09 ± 0.16 μg/g cell carotenoid yield was achieved. Torularhodin could be selectively produced at high pH, low temperature and with urea and glycerol supplementation. To selectively induce torulene synthesis, cultivation conditions should have low pH, high temperature and illumination. In addition, low pH, high temperature and urea supplementation served high production of β-carotene. Up to 85.40 ± 0.76, 80.67 ± 1.40 and 39.45 ± 0.69% of torulene, torularhodin and β-carotene, respectively, were obtained under selected conditions. KEY POINTS: • Cultivation conditions selectively induced target carotenoids and lipids • 41.40 ± 0.21% (w/w) lipid content and 192.09 ± 0.16 μg/g cell carotenoid yield were achieved • Markedly high selectivity values for torularhodin and torulene were achieved.
Topics: beta Carotene; Wastewater; Olea; Glycerol; Carotenoids; Rhodotorula; Fatty Acids
PubMed: 37329489
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12625-x -
Scientific Reports Jul 2018Rhodotorula glutinis, an oleaginous red yeast, intrinsically produces several bio-products (i.e., lipids, carotenoids and enzymes) and is regarded as a potential host...
Rhodotorula glutinis, an oleaginous red yeast, intrinsically produces several bio-products (i.e., lipids, carotenoids and enzymes) and is regarded as a potential host for biorefinery. In view of the limited available genetic engineering tools for this yeast, we have developed a useful genetic transformation method and transformed the β-carotene biosynthesis genes (crtI, crtE, crtYB and tHMG1) and cellulase genes (CBHI, CBHII, EgI, EgIII, EglA and BGS) into R. glutinis genome. The transformant P4-10-9-63Y-14B produced significantly higher β-carotene (27.13 ± 0.66 mg/g) than the wild type and also exhibited cellulase activity. Furthermore, the lipid production and salt tolerance ability of the transformants were unaffected. This is the first study to engineer the R. glutinis for simultaneous β-carotene and cellulase production. As R. glutinis can grow in sea water and can be engineered to utilize the cheaper substrates (i.e. biomass) for the production of biofuels or valuable compounds, it is a promising host for biorefinery.
Topics: Biofuels; Cellulase; Fungal Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Genetic Engineering; Genome, Fungal; Industrial Microbiology; Rhodotorula; beta Carotene
PubMed: 30022171
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29194-z -
RSC Advances May 2019With the continuous development of the livestock breeding industry, the amount of piggery wastewater discharged increases year by year, and the pressure of controlling...
With the continuous development of the livestock breeding industry, the amount of piggery wastewater discharged increases year by year, and the pressure of controlling environmental pollution continuously increases. A novel method using a co-culture of and in piggery wastewater was proposed in this study, which was aimed at treating piggery wastewater and producing useful products. The results showed that the optimal inoculum ratio of algae to yeast was 3 : 1 in the wastewater, which achieved the removal efficiencies of 58.53%, 36.07%, 33.20% and 56.25% for ammoniacal nitrogen (NH-N), total nitrogen (TN), total protein (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), respectively, after 6 d. The synergistic relationship of and was preliminarily validated using the oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange balance and scanning electron microscopy images. The co-cultivation system gained 59.8% (w/w) protein within 5 d which can be used as a feed additive, and produces aquatic animals with better growth and quality. Thus, the 1000 litre pilot scale bioreactor was used indoors and removed 82.65% of TN, 53.51% of TP, 93.48% of NH-N and 85.44% of COD in 21 d which gave a better performance for TN ( < 0.05) than the bench scale results. This system improves the nutrition removal and protein production efficiencies, and is a promising method for piggery wastewater treatment and the pig breeding industry.
PubMed: 35519326
DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01884k