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Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis Feb 2019Experts in infant health and development consider the rooting reflex a cue of a baby's hunger and recommend feeding the infant when this reflex occurs. However, the...
Experts in infant health and development consider the rooting reflex a cue of a baby's hunger and recommend feeding the infant when this reflex occurs. However, the relation between rooting and infant feeding status has not been well established in the literature. In the current study, seven parents documented the occurrence of their newborns' rooting, crying, and a control reflex (palmar grasp) before, after, and between naturally occurring feedings. For all participants, rooting occurred during a greater percentage of reflex checks prior to feedings, whereas the palmar grasp occurred during a similar percentage of checks across these time periods. These results provide empirical support for the rooting reflex as a feeding cue. However, data for only one dyad suggested a high probability of the rooting reflex occurring without crying during prefeeding checks. Thus, our data do not provide evidence that feeding in response to the rooting reflex would preempt infant crying.
Topics: Crying; Cues; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Behavior; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Male; Reflex
PubMed: 30251406
DOI: 10.1002/jaba.512 -
UCLA Forum in Medical Sciences 1969
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cats; Motor Neurons; Muscle Spindles; Muscles; Myelin Sheath; Reflex; Reflex, Monosynaptic; Sensory Receptor Cells; Spinal Cord; Spinal Nerve Roots
PubMed: 4248824
DOI: No ID Found -
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2019The evaluation of autonomic function requires indirect assessment of neurophysiologic function using specialized equipment that is often available only at tertiary care... (Review)
Review
The evaluation of autonomic function requires indirect assessment of neurophysiologic function using specialized equipment that is often available only at tertiary care centers, with few specialists available. However, the evaluation of autonomic function is rooted in basic physiology, and the results can be interpreted by careful consideration of the context of the problem. Many automated devices have become widely available to test autonomic function, but they tend to gather inadequate data leading to frequent misdiagnosis and clinical confusion. We review the details necessary for the neurophysiologist to properly perform, and interpret, autonomic function testing.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Reflex; Sweating; Tilt-Table Test; Valsalva Maneuver
PubMed: 31277866
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64032-1.00028-X -
American Journal of Diseases of... Apr 1948
Topics: Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Reflex; Sleep
PubMed: 18099678
DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1948.02030020543003 -
Clinical Neurophysiology : Official... Jun 2020Human research on the cremaster muscle (CM), cremasteric reflex (CMR) and genitofemoral nerve (GFN) and reports on their clinical applications using electrophysiological... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Human research on the cremaster muscle (CM), cremasteric reflex (CMR) and genitofemoral nerve (GFN) and reports on their clinical applications using electrophysiological and histological techniques are rare. We aimed to present a detailed review of the human CM and CMR based on our earlier publications and relevant literature.
METHODS
Electromyography (EMG) of the CM was recorded using disposable needle electrodes. CMR was obtained with tactile and/or electrical stimulation of the inner thigh. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and magnetic stimulation of the upper lumbar roots were applied; GFN was stimulated using a surface electrode at the anterior superior iliac spine.
RESULTS
CM striated fibers comprised multiple motor end plates. CM needle EMG results were similar to those of the limb muscles in chronic neurogenic disorders. TMS produced clear-cut evoked motor responses from CM. GFN motor conduction time to CM was absent or delayed in patients with inguinal hernia. EMG of CM was abnormal in 40% of patients with premature ejaculation.
CONCLUSION
CM is different from other skeletal muscles both morphologically and physiologically. Intersegmental sacrolumbar reflexes are useful for evaluating ejaculatory dysfunction.
SIGNIFICANCE
CM is an important muscle for testis thermoregulation and sexual reflexes. Neurophysiological techniques are available for physiological and clinical studies.
Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Body Temperature Regulation; Electric Stimulation; Electromyography; Humans; Male; Reflex; Testis
PubMed: 32305856
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.03.011 -
Autism Research : Official Journal of... Feb 2012The rooting reflex has long been studied by neurologists and developmentalists and is defined as an orientation toward tactile stimulation in the perioral region or...
The rooting reflex has long been studied by neurologists and developmentalists and is defined as an orientation toward tactile stimulation in the perioral region or visual stimulation near the face. Nearly, all previous reports of the visual rooting reflex (VRR) concern its presence in adults with neurological dysfunction. Previously, the VRR was reported to be present in a majority of individuals with autism and absent in control subjects. In the present larger study, we examined the presence of the VRR in 155 individuals with ASD and co-occurring Intellectual Disability (ASD + ID: autism, N = 60; Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD_NOS), N = 95) and in a contrast group of 65 individuals with ID only. The VRR was present significantly more often in the ASD + ID (43.9%) group than in the ID-only group (24.6%; χ(1)(2)= 7.19; P = 0.007). Individuals with autism displayed a VRR more often (55.0%) than individuals with PDD-NOS (36.8%; χ(1)(2)= 4.92; P = 0.026) and individuals with ID only (24.6%; χ(1)(2)= 12.09; P = 0.001). A positive VRR was associated with lower IQ and adaptive functioning; in the ASD + ID group, ADI-R/ADOS domain scores were significantly higher in the VRR-positive subgroup. The results replicate and extend the finding of an increased occurrence of the VRR in autism. Although some association with IQ was observed, the VRR occurred substantially more often in the autism group compared with an intellectually disabled group, indicating some degree of specificity. Additional studies of infants and children with typical development, ASD and ID are needed to determine the utility of the VRR in ASD risk assessment and to elucidate possible specific behavioral associations.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Male; Odds Ratio; Reflex; Visual Perception; Young Adult
PubMed: 21954217
DOI: 10.1002/aur.225 -
Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology :... Jul 2021Over the past 3 decades, tests of autonomic function have become increasingly standardized across most laboratories, particularly with commercially available equipment... (Review)
Review
Over the past 3 decades, tests of autonomic function have become increasingly standardized across most laboratories, particularly with commercially available equipment similar to other neurophysiologic tests. Most neurologically based laboratories perform four or five tests of autonomic function. Two of these, the sudomotor axon reflex response and the thermoregulatory sweat test (which some laboratories do not perform because it requires extensive equipment), examine sudomotor autonomic function. The remaining three, the cardiovascular response to a tilt table test, the cardiovascular response to the Valsalva maneuver, and the cardiac response to deep breathing examine cardiovascular autonomic function. Tests of sweating typically localize the lesion in the neuraxis, differentiating between central nervous system pathways, the spinal cord, or pre- or postganglionic roots or nerves. Tests of cardiovascular function delineate specific autonomic subsystem involvement, whether vagal parasympathetic as reflected in the deep breathing response and specific phases of the Valsalva maneuver or sympathetic adrenergic as reflected in the tilt table test and the other phases of the Valsalva. This review details the basic performance, analysis, and interpretation of these and a few other tests, with illustrative patient cases.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neurophysiology; Reflex; Tilt-Table Test; Valsalva Maneuver; Young Adult
PubMed: 34009852
DOI: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000789 -
Clinical Pediatrics May 1967
Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Reflex
PubMed: 6023159
DOI: 10.1177/000992286700600519 -
Autonomic Neuroscience : Basic &... May 2021Sepsis is a serious medical condition in which immune dysfunction plays a key role. Previous treatments focused on chemotherapy to control immune function; however, a... (Review)
Review
Sepsis is a serious medical condition in which immune dysfunction plays a key role. Previous treatments focused on chemotherapy to control immune function; however, a recognized effective compound or treatment has yet to be developed. Recent advances indicate that a neuromodulation approach with nerve stimulation allows developing a therapeutic strategy to control inflammation and improve organ functions in sepsis. As a quick, non-invasive technique of peripheral nerve stimulation, acupuncture has emerged as a promising therapy to provide significant advantages for immunomodulation in acute inflammation. Acupuncture obtains its regulatory effect by activating the somatic-autonomic-immune reflexes, including the somatic-sympathetic-splenic reflex, the somatic-sympathetic-adrenal reflex, the somatic-vagal-splenic reflex and the somatic-vagal-adrenal reflex, which produces a systemic effect. The peripheral nerve stimulation also induces local reflexes such as the somatic-sympathetic-lung-reflex, which then produces local effects. These mechanisms offer scientific guidance to design acupuncture protocols for immunomodulation and inflammation control, leading to an evidence-based comprehensive therapy recommendation.
Topics: Acupuncture Therapy; Autonomic Nervous System; Humans; Reflex; Sepsis; Sympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 33684727
DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102793 -
Archives Italiennes de Biologie Jul 1986The pretrigeminal preparation (pretrigeminal animal) is obtained by transection the pons in front of roots of the trigeminal nerves. The rostral part of the preparation... (Review)
Review
The pretrigeminal preparation (pretrigeminal animal) is obtained by transection the pons in front of roots of the trigeminal nerves. The rostral part of the preparation (isolated cerebrum) has olfactory, visual and humoral inputs and controls vertical position of eye and their pupillary diameter and accommodation. The pretrigeminal preparation was described in the cat and rat. During the acute stage the isolated cerebrum is continuously awake, alternatively alert and drowsy. In the chronic stage a sleep-waking cycle recovers, but paradoxical sleep remains absent and synchronized sleep is reduced. Thus the cerebrum can largely compensate for the withdrawal of influences from the deactivating structures of the lower brain stem. Olfactory and visual stimuli produce a virtually normal arousal response. Its major components are: dilatation of pupils, desynchronization of cortical EEG activity, appearance of theta activity in the hippocampal EEG, and an increase of the cerebral blood flow. If the stimulus is repeated, the arousal response habituates with a normal rate. In the pretrigeminal cat there are two ocular targeting reflexes: vertical fixation and accommodation. The fixation reflex has a normal general course and shows normal habituation, but it is less precise than in the intact cat. The accommodation reflex is normal. Classical and instrumental ocular conditioned reflexes can be elaborated in the pretrigeminal cat. The conditioned pupillary dilatation appears at a normal rate. On the other hand, the elaboration of the conditioned vertical eye movement is slower than in the intact cat, possibly as a result of the lack of the proprioceptive feedback from the extraocular muscles. In conclusion, excitability, integrity and plasticity of the isolated cerebrum of the pretrigeminal preparation seem to be virtually normal. In contrast to the pretrigeminal preparation, the "cerveau isolé" is comatose during the acute stage. In the chronic stage, however, the sleep-waking cycle recovers and with time it becomes similar to that in the pretrigeminal preparation. However, the vertical fixation reflex remains impaired in the low "cerveau isolé" and is obviously absent in the high "cerveau isolé". The caudal part of the preparation has a normal contact with the outside world, but it cannot largely make use of it. However, it satisfactorily controls the circulation and respiration. Rats are superior than cats: pretrigeminal cat cannot turn over from one side to the other and is fed by stomach tube, whereas pretrigeminal rat can crawl and eat food introduced into the mouth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Arousal; Brain Stem; Cats; Conditioning, Psychological; Decerebrate State; Electroencephalography; Histological Techniques; In Vitro Techniques; Mesencephalon; Psychomotor Performance; Quadriplegia; Reflex; Sleep Stages; Trigeminal Nerve; Wakefulness
PubMed: 3539056
DOI: No ID Found