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Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of... Mar 2003
Review
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Genes, Viral; Genome, Viral; Genotype; Humans; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prenatal Diagnosis; Rubella; Rubella virus; Virus Replication
PubMed: 12718013
DOI: 10.1038/npg.els.0000432 -
Future Microbiology Apr 2010Virus replication occurs in the midst of a life or death struggle between the virus and the infected host cell. To limit virus replication, host cells can activate a... (Review)
Review
Virus replication occurs in the midst of a life or death struggle between the virus and the infected host cell. To limit virus replication, host cells can activate a number of antiviral pathways, the most drastic of which is programmed cell death. Whereas large DNA viruses have the luxury of encoding accessory proteins whose main function is to interfere with host cell defences, the genomes of RNA viruses are not large enough to encode proteins of this type. Recent studies have revealed that proteins encoded by RNA viruses often play multiple roles in the battles between viruses and host cells. In this article, we discuss the many functions of the rubella virus capsid protein. This protein has well-defined roles in virus assembly, but recent research suggests that it also functions to modulate virus replication and block host cell defences.
Topics: Capsid Proteins; Rubella virus; Virulence; Virulence Factors; Virus Assembly; Virus Replication
PubMed: 20353299
DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.27 -
Public Health Sep 1966
Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Rubella; Rubella virus
PubMed: 5950398
DOI: 10.1016/s0033-3506(66)80004-5 -
Advances in Virus Research 1994This chapter summarizes the present medical significance of rubella virus. Rubella virus infection is systemic in nature and the accompanying symptoms are generally... (Review)
Review
This chapter summarizes the present medical significance of rubella virus. Rubella virus infection is systemic in nature and the accompanying symptoms are generally benign, the most pronounced being a mild rash of short duration. The most common complication of rubella virus infection is transient joint involvement such as polyarthralgia and arthritis. The primary health impact of rubella virus is that it is a teratogenic agent. The vaccination strategy is aimed at elimination of rubella and includes both universal vaccination of infants at 15 months of age with the trivalent measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine and specific targeting with the rubella vaccine of seronegative women planning pregnancy and seronegative adults who could come in contact with women of childbearing age, although it is recommended that any individual over the age of 12 months without evidence of natural infection or vaccination be vaccinated. Medically, the current challenge posed by rubella virus is to achieve complete vaccination coverage to prevent resurgences.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Base Sequence; Biological Evolution; Molecular Sequence Data; RNA, Viral; Rubella virus; Togaviridae; Viral Proteins; Virion; Virus Replication
PubMed: 7817880
DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60328-0 -
Immunological Reviews Mar 2024Infectious susceptibility is a component of many inborn errors of immunity. Nevertheless, antibiotic use is often used as a surrogate in history taking for infectious... (Review)
Review
Infectious susceptibility is a component of many inborn errors of immunity. Nevertheless, antibiotic use is often used as a surrogate in history taking for infectious susceptibility, thereby disadvantaging patients who present with viral infections as their phenotype. Further complicating clinical evaluations are unusual manifestations of viral infections which may be less familiar that the typical respiratory viral infections. This review covers several unusual viral phenotypes arising in patients with inborn errors of immunity and other settings of immune compromise. In some cases, chronic infections lead to oncogenesis or tumor-like growths and the conditions and mechanisms of viral-induced oncogenesis will be described. This review covers enterovirus, rubella, measles, papillomavirus, and parvovirus B19. It does not cover EBV and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis nor lymphomagenesis related to EBV. EBV susceptibility has been recently reviewed. Our goal is to increase awareness of the unusual manifestations of viral infections in patients with IEI and to describe treatment modalities utilized in this setting. Coincidentally, each of the discussed viral infections can have a cutaneous component and figures will serve as a reminder of the physical features of these viruses. Given the high morbidity and mortality, early recognition can only improve outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Rubella virus; Rubella; Measles; Chronic Disease; Phenotype; Carcinogenesis
PubMed: 38009321
DOI: 10.1111/imr.13290 -
Birth Defects Research. Part A,... Jul 2004In utero rubella virus (RV) infection of a fetus can result in birth defects that are often collectively referred to as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). In extreme... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
In utero rubella virus (RV) infection of a fetus can result in birth defects that are often collectively referred to as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). In extreme cases, fetal death can occur. In spite of the availability of a safe and effective vaccine against rubella, recent worldwide estimates are that more than 100,000 infants are born with CRS annually.
RECENT PROGRESS
Recently, several significant findings in the field of cell biology, as well as in the RV replication and virus-cell interactions, have originated from the authors' laboratory, and other researchers have provided insights into RV teratogenesis. It has been shown that 1) an RV protein induces cell-cycle arrest by generating a subpopulation of tetraploid nuclei (i.e., 4N DNA) cells, perhaps representative of the tetraploid state following S phase in the cell cycle, due to its interaction with citron-K kinase (CK); 2) RV infection induces apoptosis in cell culture, and 3) CK functional perturbations lead to tetraploidy, followed by apoptosis, in specific cell types.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on several similarities between known RV-associated fetal and cellular manifestations and CK deficiency-associated phenotypes, it is reasonable to postulate that P90-CK interaction in RV-infected cells interferes with CK function and induces cell-cycle arrest following S phase in a subpopulation, perhaps representative of tetraploid stage, which could lead to subsequent apoptosis in RV infection. Taking all these observations to the fetal organogenesis level, it is plausible that P90-CK interaction could perhaps be one of the initial steps in RV infection-induced apoptosis-associated fetal birth defects in utero.
Topics: Apoptosis; Cell Cycle; Congenital Abnormalities; Female; Fetus; Humans; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Pregnancy; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Retinoblastoma Protein; Rubella; Rubella virus
PubMed: 15259032
DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20045 -
Uirusu 2014Rubella virus (RV), an infectious agent of rubella, is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus in the family of Togaviridae. RV has a positive-stranded sense RNA as a... (Review)
Review
Rubella virus (RV), an infectious agent of rubella, is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus in the family of Togaviridae. RV has a positive-stranded sense RNA as a genome. A natural host of RV is limited to human, and rubella is considered to be a childhood disease in general. When woman is infected with RV during early pregnancy, her fetus may develop severe birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome. In this review, the RV life cycle from the virus entry to budding is illustrated in comparison with those of member viruses of the genus alphavirus in the same family. The multiple functions of the RV capsid protein are also introduced.
Topics: Adolescent; Alphavirus; Amino Acid Motifs; Capsid Proteins; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Genome, Viral; Humans; Infant; Life Cycle Stages; Male; Pregnancy; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Rubella; Rubella Vaccine; Rubella virus; Virus Release
PubMed: 26437836
DOI: 10.2222/jsv.64.137 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2022The type I interferon (IFN) response is one of the primary defense systems against various pathogens. Although rubella virus (RuV) infection is known to cause...
Rubella Virus Triggers Type I Interferon Antiviral Response in Cultured Human Neural Cells: Involvement in the Control of Viral Gene Expression and Infectious Progeny Production.
The type I interferon (IFN) response is one of the primary defense systems against various pathogens. Although rubella virus (RuV) infection is known to cause dysfunction of various organs and systems, including the central nervous system, little is known about how human neural cells evoke protective immunity against RuV infection, leading to controlling RuV replication. Using cultured human neural cells experimentally infected with RuV RA27/3 strain, we characterized the type I IFN immune response against the virus. RuV infected cultured human neural cell lines and induced IFN-β production, leading to the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and the increased expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Melanoma-differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), one of the cytoplasmic retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors, is required for the RuV-triggered IFN-β mRNA induction in U373MG cells. We also showed that upregulation of RuV-triggered ISGs was attenuated by blocking IFN-α/β receptor subunit 2 (IFNAR2) using an IFNAR2-specific neutralizing antibody or by repressing mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) expression using MAVS-targeting short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Furthermore, treating RuV-infected cells with BX-795, a TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)/I kappa B kinase ε (IKKε) inhibitor, robustly reduced STAT1 phosphorylation and expression of ISGs, enhancing viral gene expression and infectious virion production. Overall, our findings suggest that the RuV-triggered type I IFN-mediated antiviral response is essential in controlling RuV gene expression and viral replication in human neural cells.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Cell Line; Gene Expression; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Interferon Regulatory Factor-3; Interferon Type I; Rubella virus; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 36077193
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179799 -
Medical Microbiology and Immunology Oct 2014Autophagy is a cellular catabolic process implicated in numerous physiological processes and pathological conditions, including infections. Viruses have evolved...
Autophagy is a cellular catabolic process implicated in numerous physiological processes and pathological conditions, including infections. Viruses have evolved different strategies to modulate the autophagic process. Since the effects of rubella virus (RV) on autophagy have not yet been reported, we evaluated the autophagic activity in the Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea cell line infected with the To336 strain of RV. Our results showed that RV lowered the levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 B-II (LC3B-II) and the autophagy-related gene 12-autophagy-related gene 5 conjugate, inhibited the autophagic flux, suppressed the intracellular redistribution of LC3B, decreased both the average number and the size of autophagosomes per cell and impeded the formation of acidic vesicular organelles. Induction of autophagy by using rapamycin decreased both the viral yields and the apoptotic rates of infected cultures. Besides its cytoprotective effects, autophagy furnishes an important antiviral mechanism, inhibition of which may reorchestrate intracellular environment so as to better serve the unique requirements of RV replication. Together, our observations suggest that RV utilizes a totally different strategy to cope with autophagy than that evolved by other positive-stranded RNA viruses, and there is considerable heterogeneity among the members of the Togaviridae family in terms of their effects on the cellular autophagic cascade.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Cell Line; Fibroblasts; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Organelles; Rabbits; Rubella virus
PubMed: 24824868
DOI: 10.1007/s00430-014-0340-7 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2022Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a widely used technique in the diagnosis of viral infections due to its low cost, high sensitivity, and specificity. Although the more...
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a widely used technique in the diagnosis of viral infections due to its low cost, high sensitivity, and specificity. Although the more advanced variations of PCR, such as real-time PCR and digital PCR are now available to researchers, conventional PCR is still used in many research studies. Here we describe the protocol for tri-primer diagnostic reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for detection of rubella in throat swabs and further detailed protocol for a two fragment genotyping using two different sets of primers. In tri-primer diagnostic PCR, one forward and two reverse primers are used to detect clade I and clade II of the rubella virus. In the two fragments genotyping, each fragment of the genome is amplified, sequenced separately, and then the overlapping regions are aligned and full length sequence window is obtained.
Topics: Genotype; RNA, Viral; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rubella virus
PubMed: 34773614
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1799-1_4