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Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics... Aug 2021Although a rare sequala of soft tissue injury, salivary gland trauma may result in significant morbidity. Salivary gland injury can involve the major as well as the... (Review)
Review
Although a rare sequala of soft tissue injury, salivary gland trauma may result in significant morbidity. Salivary gland injury can involve the major as well as the minor glands. Because of the proximity of adjacent vital structures, a thorough history and physical examination are mandatory during patient evaluation. Trauma to the major salivary glands may involve the parenchyma, duct, or neural injury. Treatment requires adherence to primary principles of soft tissue management. Ductal and neural injury should be repaired primarily. Sialocele and fistula are potential complications of repaired and unrepaired salivary gland injury.
Topics: Humans; Parotid Gland; Salivary Gland Diseases; Salivary Glands
PubMed: 34116909
DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2021.04.008 -
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews.... 2012Our understanding of vertebrate salivary gland organogenesis has been largely informed by the study of the developing mouse submandibular gland (SMG), which will be the... (Review)
Review
Our understanding of vertebrate salivary gland organogenesis has been largely informed by the study of the developing mouse submandibular gland (SMG), which will be the major focus of this review. The mouse SMG has been historically used as a model system to study epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, growth factor-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, and branching morphogenesis. SMG organogenesis involves interactions between a variety of cell types and their stem/progenitor cells, including the epithelial, neuronal, and mesenchymal cells, and their ECM microenvironment, or niche. Here, we will review recent literature that provides conceptual advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of salivary gland development. We will describe SMG organogenesis, introduce the model systems used to study development, and outline the key signaling pathways and cellular processes involved. We will also review recent research focusing on the identification of stem/progenitor cells in the SMG and how they are directed along a series of cell fate decisions to form a functional gland. The mechanisms that drive SMG organogenesis provide a template to regenerate functional salivary glands in patients who suffer from salivary hypofunction due to irreversible glandular damage after irradiation or removal of tumors. Additionally, these mechanisms may also control growth and development of other organ systems.
Topics: Animals; Extracellular Matrix; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Organogenesis; Salivary Glands; Signal Transduction; Stem Cells
PubMed: 23801668
DOI: 10.1002/wdev.4 -
Emergency Medicine Clinics of North... May 2013Salivary gland disorders are uncommon in the emergency department setting. Given the vast differential that spans infectious, autoimmune, neoplastic, and metabolic... (Review)
Review
Salivary gland disorders are uncommon in the emergency department setting. Given the vast differential that spans infectious, autoimmune, neoplastic, and metabolic processes, they can pose a diagnostic challenge even to skilled clinicians. There is a paucity of evidence-based data regarding the management of these disorders with frequent incongruence between specific sources. Although by no means exhaustive or absolute, this article reconciles existing literature and serves as a concise and informative guide to salivary gland disorders encountered by the emergency care practitioner.
Topics: Emergencies; Emergency Service, Hospital; Humans; Parotitis; Salivary Gland Calculi; Salivary Gland Diseases; Salivary Glands; Sialadenitis
PubMed: 23601484
DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2013.01.004 -
Frontiers of Oral Biology 2010The ability of animal salivary glands to recover from an experimentally-induced atrophic state offers hope that human salivary glands may be regenerated following... (Review)
Review
The ability of animal salivary glands to recover from an experimentally-induced atrophic state offers hope that human salivary glands may be regenerated following injury. Examination of the mechanisms of regeneration in animal models has revealed processes which resemble the embryonic formation of salivary glands. Secretory proteins present in regenerated acinar and ductal cells are the same as found in the perinatal salivary glands. The use of microarrays to reveal global gene changes has, in combination with bioinformatic techniques, identified some of the important signalling cascades operating in the early stages of glandular regeneration. The role of stem cells is also considered and would fit in with current ideas of glandular regeneration, however the isolation and subsequent differentiation of stem cells into a normal reflexly secreting gland still requires considerable research.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Models, Animal; Regeneration; Salivary Ducts; Salivary Glands; Salivary Proteins and Peptides; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 20428014
DOI: 10.1159/000313710 -
Clinical Otolaryngology : Official... Feb 2013
Review
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Diagnostic Imaging; Humans; Infections; Lithotripsy; Postoperative Complications; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; Referral and Consultation; Salivary Gland Diseases; Salivary Glands; Sialography
PubMed: 23418969
DOI: 10.1111/coa.12056 -
Journal of Oral Rehabilitation Sep 2018Saliva is a complex fluid produced by 3 pairs of major salivary glands and by hundreds of minor salivary glands. It comprises a large variety of constituents and... (Review)
Review
Saliva is a complex fluid produced by 3 pairs of major salivary glands and by hundreds of minor salivary glands. It comprises a large variety of constituents and physicochemical properties, which are important for the maintenance of oral health. Saliva not only protects the teeth and the oropharyngeal mucosa, it also facilitates articulation of speech, and is imperative for mastication and swallowing. Furthermore, saliva plays an important role in maintaining a balanced microbiota. Thus, the multiple functions provided by saliva are essential for proper protection and functioning of the body as a whole and for the general health. A large number of diseases and medications can affect salivary secretion through different mechanisms, leading to salivary gland dysfunction and associated oral problems, including xerostomia, dental caries and fungal infections. The first part of this review article provides an updated insight into our understanding of salivary gland structure, the neural regulation of salivary gland secretion, the mechanisms underlying the formation of saliva, the various functions of saliva and factors that influence salivary secretion under normal physiological conditions. The second part focuses on how various diseases and medical treatment including commonly prescribed medications and cancer therapies can affect salivary gland structure and function. We also provide a brief insight into how to diagnose salivary gland dysfunction.
Topics: Humans; Mastication; Oral Health; Saliva; Salivary Glands; Salivation; Xerostomia
PubMed: 29878444
DOI: 10.1111/joor.12664 -
Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology Dec 2022Ultrasound is a promising diagnostic method when it comes to assessing the involvement of major salivary glands in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). A... (Review)
Review
Ultrasound is a promising diagnostic method when it comes to assessing the involvement of major salivary glands in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). A matter of debate is whether ultrasound of the major salivary glands (SGUS) can replace a salivary gland biopsy in the diagnosis or classification of pSS. The intra- and inter-observer reliability of SGUS was found to be good, especially when focusing on hypoechogenic areas and homogeneity, and comparable to the reliability of histopathologic characteristics of salivary gland biopsies of pSS patients. However, replacing salivary gland biopsy by SGUS led to substantial decrease of the accuracy of the 2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) classification criteria with clinical diagnosis as the gold standard. When SGUS was added as an additional item to the criteria, the accuracy of the criteria remained high, offering at the same time the clinicians a wider array of tools to assess patients. Combination of SGUS and anti-SSA antibodies was shown to be highly predictive of the classification of a patient suspected of pSS, making routine salivary gland biopsy debatable.
Topics: Humans; Sjogren's Syndrome; Reproducibility of Results; Salivary Glands; Ultrasonography; Biopsy
PubMed: 36305349
DOI: 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/xbcu8d -
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology Apr 2007Salivary glands provide an excellent model for the study of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and branching morphogenesis. This review will discuss the anatomy of... (Review)
Review
Salivary glands provide an excellent model for the study of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and branching morphogenesis. This review will discuss the anatomy of different types of glands, in a range of different organisms. Then, concentrating on the mouse submandibular gland, the stages of salivary gland development will be reviewed and the relative role of the mesenchyme and the epithelium will be discussed. Finally, the genes thought to play a role in development of the glands from initiation to differentiation will be reviewed.
Topics: Animals; Epithelium; Mesoderm; Mice; Models, Biological; Morphogenesis; Organogenesis; Salivary Glands
PubMed: 17336109
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.01.006 -
Cells Jul 2021Salivary gland regeneration is important for developing treatments for radiation-induced xerostomia, Sjögren's syndrome, and other conditions that cause dry mouth.... (Review)
Review
Salivary gland regeneration is important for developing treatments for radiation-induced xerostomia, Sjögren's syndrome, and other conditions that cause dry mouth. Culture conditions adopted from tissue engineering strategies have been used to recapitulate gland structure and function to study and regenerate the salivary glands. The purpose of this review is to highlight current trends in the field, with an emphasis on soluble factors that have been shown to improve secretory function in vitro. A PubMed search was conducted to identify articles published in the last 10 years and articles were evaluated to identify the most promising approaches and areas for further research. Results showed increasing use of extracellular matrix mimetics, such as Matrigel, collagen, and a variety of functionalized polymers. Soluble factors that provide supportive cues, including fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and neurotrophic factors, as well as chemical inhibitors of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and transforming growth factor β receptor (TGFβR) have shown increases in important markers including aquaporin 5 (Aqp5); muscle, intestine, and stomach expression 1 (Mist1); and keratin (K5). However, recapitulation of tissue function at in vivo levels is still elusive. A focus on identification of soluble factors, cells, and/or matrix cues tested in combination may further increase the maintenance of salivary gland secretory function in vitro. These approaches may also be amenable for translation in vivo to support successful regeneration of dysfunctional glands.
Topics: Animals; Cell Culture Techniques; Humans; Salivary Glands; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 34359893
DOI: 10.3390/cells10071723 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Apr 2021The mammalian salivary gland develops as a highly branched structure designed to produce and secrete saliva. This review focuses on research conducted on mammalian... (Review)
Review
The mammalian salivary gland develops as a highly branched structure designed to produce and secrete saliva. This review focuses on research conducted on mammalian salivary gland development, particularly on the differentiation of acinar, ductal, and myoepithelial cells. We discuss recent studies that provide conceptual advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of salivary gland development. In addition, we describe the organogenesis of submandibular glands (SMGs), model systems used for the study of SMG development, and the key signaling pathways as well as cellular processes involved in salivary gland development. The findings from the recent studies elucidating the identity of stem/progenitor cells in the SMGs, and the process by which they are directed along a series of cell fate decisions to form functional glands, are also discussed. Advances in genetic tools and tissue engineering strategies will significantly increase our knowledge about the mechanisms by which signaling pathways and cells establish tissue architecture and function during salivary gland development, which may also be conserved in the growth and development of other organ systems. An increased knowledge of organ development mechanisms will have profound implications in the design of therapies for the regrowth or repair of injured tissues. In addition, understanding how the processes of cell survival, expansion, specification, movement, and communication with neighboring cells are regulated under physiological and pathological conditions is critical to the development of future treatments.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Humans; Organogenesis; Salivary Glands; Signal Transduction; Stem Cells
PubMed: 33449148
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03741-2