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Microbiology (Reading, England) Nov 2018Global Salmonella infection, especially in developing countries, is a health and economic burden. The use of antibiotic drugs in treating the infection is proving less... (Review)
Review
Global Salmonella infection, especially in developing countries, is a health and economic burden. The use of antibiotic drugs in treating the infection is proving less effective due to the alarming rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella, the effects of antibiotics on normal gut microflora and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, all of which bring a growing need for alternative treatments, including the use of probiotic micro-organisms. However, there are issues with probiotics, including their potential to be opportunistic pathogens and antibiotic-resistant carriers, and their antibiotic susceptibility if used as complementary therapy. Clinical trials, animal trials and in vitro investigations into the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacies of probiotics have demonstrated antagonistic properties against Salmonella and other enteropathogenic bacteria. Nonetheless, there is a need for further studies into the potential mechanisms, efficacy and mode of delivery of yeast probiotics in Salmonella infections. This review discusses Salmonella infections and treatment using antibiotics and probiotics.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Probiotics; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections
PubMed: 30136920
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000709 -
Immunology Letters Oct 2017Salmonella infection causes morbidity and mortality throughout the world with the host immune response varying depending on whether the infection is acute and limited,... (Review)
Review
Salmonella infection causes morbidity and mortality throughout the world with the host immune response varying depending on whether the infection is acute and limited, or systemic and chronic. Additionally, Salmonella bacteria have evolved multiple mechanisms to avoid or subvert immunity to its own benefit and often the anatomical location of infection plays a role in both the immune response and bacterial fate. Here, we provide an overview of the interplay between the immune system and Salmonella, while discussing how different host and bacterial factors influence the outcome of infection.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune System; Immunity, Innate; Immunomodulation; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella Infections, Animal
PubMed: 28720334
DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.07.006 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2018are Gram-negative rod-shaped facultative anaerobic bacteria that are comprised of over 2,000 serovars. They cause gastroenteritis (salmonellosis) with headache,... (Review)
Review
are Gram-negative rod-shaped facultative anaerobic bacteria that are comprised of over 2,000 serovars. They cause gastroenteritis (salmonellosis) with headache, abdominal pain and diarrhea clinical symptoms. Salmonellosis brings a heavy burden for the public health in both developing and developed countries. Antibiotics are usually effective in treating the infected patients with severe gastroenteritis, although antibiotic resistance is on the rise. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of infection is vital to combat the disease. immortalized 2-D cell lines, tissues/organs and several animal models have been successfully utilized to study infections. Although these infection models have contributed to uncovering the molecular virulence mechanisms, some intrinsic shortcomings have limited their wider applications. Notably, cell lines only contain a single cell type, which cannot reproduce some of the hallmarks of natural infections. While tissues/organs alleviate some of these concerns, they are more difficult to maintain, in particular for long term experiments. In addition, non-human animal models are known to reflect only part of the human disease process. Enteroids and induced intestinal organoids are emerging as effective infection models due to their closeness in mimicking the infected tissues/organs. Induced intestinal organoids are derived from iPSCs and contain mesenchymal cells whereas enteroids are derive from intestinal stem cells and are comprised of epithelial cells only. Both enteroids and induced intestinal organoids mimic the villus and crypt domains comparable to the architectures of the intestine. We review here that enteroids and induced intestinal organoids are emerging as desired infection models to study bacterial-host interactions of .
Topics: Animals; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Macrophages; Mice; Organoids; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 29670862
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00102 -
BMJ Case Reports May 2019A 47-year-old Malay man who presented with fever, poor oral intake and loss of weight for 1 month duration. Further work-up revealed evidence of disseminated...
A 47-year-old Malay man who presented with fever, poor oral intake and loss of weight for 1 month duration. Further work-up revealed evidence of disseminated infection that was further complicated with pericardial and pleural empyema. Cultures from pericardial and pleural fluids grew species with negative serial blood cultures. Contrast enhanced CT thorax showed pleural effusion with large pericardial effusion. The patient was treated with antibiotics and drainage of pericardial and pleural empyema was done and he was discharged well.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drainage; Fever; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pericardial Effusion; Pleural Effusion; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Treatment Outcome; Weight Loss
PubMed: 31076489
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-226337 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2019subsp. serovar Typhimurium (. Typhimurium) is a Gram-negative bacterium with a broad host range that causes non-typhoidal salmonellosis in humans. . Typhimurium... (Review)
Review
subsp. serovar Typhimurium (. Typhimurium) is a Gram-negative bacterium with a broad host range that causes non-typhoidal salmonellosis in humans. . Typhimurium infects epithelial cells and macrophages in the small intestine where it replicates in a specialized intracellular niche called the -containing vacuole (SCV) and promotes inflammation of the mucosa to induce typically self-limiting gastroenteritis. Virulence and spread of the bacterium is determined in part by the host individual's ability to limit the infection through innate immune responses at the gastrointestinal mucosa, including programmed cell death. . Typhimurium however, has evolved a myriad of mechanisms to counteract or exploit host responses through the use of Type III Secretion Systems (T3SS), which allow the translocation of virulence (effector) proteins into the host cell for the benefit of optimal bacterial replication and dissemination. T3SS effectors have been found to interact with apoptotic, necroptotic, and pyroptotic cell death cascades, interfering with both efficient clearance of the bacteria and the recruitment of neutrophils or dendritic cells to the area of infection. The interplay of host inflammation, programmed cell death responses, and bacterial defenses in the context of non-typhoidal (NTS) infection is a continuing area of interest within the field, and as such has been reviewed here.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Death; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Inflammasomes; Necroptosis; Pyroptosis; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 31402916
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01758 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2018are facultative intracellular pathogens that cause globally distributed diseases with massive morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. In the past decades,... (Review)
Review
are facultative intracellular pathogens that cause globally distributed diseases with massive morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. In the past decades, numerous studies were focused on host defenses against infection. Autophagy has been demonstrated to be an important defense mechanism to clear intracellular pathogenic organisms, as well as a regulator of immune responses. Ubiquitin modification also has multiple effects on the host immune system against bacterial infection. It has been indicated that ubiquitination plays critical roles in recognition and clearance of some invading bacteria by autophagy. Additionally, the ubiquitination of autophagy proteins in autophagy flux and inflammation-related substance determines the outcomes of infection. However, many intracellular pathogens manipulate the ubiquitination system to counteract the host immunity. interfere with host responses via the delivery of ~30 effector proteins into cytosol to promote their survival and proliferation. Among them, some could link the ubiquitin-proteasome system with autophagy during infection and affect the host inflammatory responses. In this review, novel findings on the issue of ubiquitination and autophagy connection as the mechanisms of host defenses against infection and the subverted processes are introduced.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Bacterial Proteins; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella typhimurium; Ubiquitination
PubMed: 29594070
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00078 -
Cells Dec 2021Salmonella infection remains one of the major public health problems in the world, with increasing resistance to antibiotics. The resolution is to explore the... (Review)
Review
Salmonella infection remains one of the major public health problems in the world, with increasing resistance to antibiotics. The resolution is to explore the pathogenesis of the infection and search for alternative therapy other than antibiotics. Immune responses to Salmonella infection include innate and adaptive immunity. Flagellin or muramyl dipeptide from Salmonella, recognized by extracellular Toll-like receptors and intracellular nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain2, respectively, induce innate immunity involving intestinal epithelial cells, neutrophils, macrophages, dendric cells and lymphocytes, including natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells. The cytokines, mostly interleukins, produced by the cells involved in innate immunity, stimulate adaptive immunity involving T and B cells. The mucosal epithelium responds to intestinal pathogens through its secretion of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides. Chemokines, such as IL-8 and IL-17, recruit neutrophils into the cecal mucosa to defend against the invasion of , but induce excessive inflammation contributing to colitis. Some of the interleukins have anti-inflammatory effects, such as IL-10, while others have pro-inflammatory effects, such as IL-1β, IL-12/IL-23, IL-15, IL-18, and IL-22. Furthermore, some interleukins, such as IL-6 and IL-27, exhibit both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions and anti-microbial defenses. The majority of interleukins secreted by macrophages and lymphocytes contributes antimicrobial defense or protective effects, but IL-8 and IL-10 may promote systemic infection. In this article, we review the interleukins involved in Salmonella infection in the literature.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Immunity; Immunity, Mucosal; Interleukins; Intestines; Salmonella Infections
PubMed: 34943999
DOI: 10.3390/cells10123492 -
Pediatrics and Neonatology Jun 2013Nontyphoid Salmonella is the most common bacterial pathogen causing gastrointestinal infection worldwide. Most nontyphoid Salmonella infection is limited to... (Review)
Review
Nontyphoid Salmonella is the most common bacterial pathogen causing gastrointestinal infection worldwide. Most nontyphoid Salmonella infection is limited to uncomplicated gastroenteritis that seldom requires antimicrobial treatment. Nevertheless, invasive infections, such as bacteremia, osteomyelitis, and meningitis, may occur and require antimicrobial therapy. Continuous genetic and genomic evolution in Salmonella leading to increased virulence and resistance to multiple drugs are of significant public health concern. Two major changes in the epidemiology of nontyphoid salmonellosis in Europe and in the USA occurred in the second half of the 20(th) century: the emergence of foodborne human infections caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Enteriditis and by multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. In the 21(st) century, a worsening situation is the increasing resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins in nontyphoid Salmonella. Clinical isolates showing carbapenem resistance also have been identified. Although antimicrobial therapy is usually not indicated for uncomplicated Salmonella gastroenteritis, recent studies indicated that a short-course ceftriaxone therapy (3-5 days) for patients with severe gastroenteritis would lead to a faster clinical recovery. Continuous surveillance of Salmonella in both humans and animals is mandatory. A better understanding of the mechanisms that lead to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella may help in the devising of better interventional strategies to reduce the spread of resistant Salmonella between humans and reservoirs along the food chain.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections
PubMed: 23597525
DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2013.01.010 -
Future Microbiology 2015Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi are the causative agents of human typhoid fever. Current typhoid vaccines are ineffective and are not widely used in... (Review)
Review
Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi are the causative agents of human typhoid fever. Current typhoid vaccines are ineffective and are not widely used in endemic areas. Greater understanding of host-pathogen interactions during Salmonella infection should facilitate the development of improved vaccines to combat typhoid and nontyphoidal Salmonellosis. This review will focus on our current understanding of Salmonella pathogenesis and the major host immune components that participate in immunity to Salmonella infection. In addition, recent findings regarding host immune mechanisms in response to Salmonella infection will be also discussed, providing a new perspective on the utility of improved tools to study the immune response to Salmonella infections.
Topics: Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Innate; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella enterica; Typhoid Fever
PubMed: 25598340
DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.98 -
New Zealand Veterinary Journal Dec 1970
Review
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Food Contamination; Humans; Meat-Packing Industry; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Food Poisoning; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Serotyping; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 4924842
DOI: 10.1080/00480169.1970.33918