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The Journal of Infectious Diseases May 2000Morphologically distinct caliciviruses of human origin were first found in stools of children with gastroenteritis in 1976. Sapporo virus, or human calicivirus Sapporo,...
Morphologically distinct caliciviruses of human origin were first found in stools of children with gastroenteritis in 1976. Sapporo virus, or human calicivirus Sapporo, with typical surface morphology was first detected during a gastroenteritis outbreak in a home for infants in Sapporo, Japan, in 1977. Since then, morphologically and antigenically identical virus has been detected frequently in the same institution in association with outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Sapporo virus is widely distributed worldwide, as evidenced by the appearance of antigenically or genetically similar viruses and seroepidemiologic findings. Sapporo virus plays an important role in outbreaks of infantile gastroenteritis and is less important in foodborne outbreaks. Sapporo virus has been approved as the type species of the genus "Sapporo-like viruses in the family Caliciviridae. The history of and recent findings, as obtained by newly developed techniques, about Sapporo viruses are presented.
Topics: Caliciviridae; Disease Outbreaks; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Japan; Microscopy, Electron
PubMed: 10804142
DOI: 10.1086/315574 -
Microbiology and Immunology Sep 2011In this study, the full-length genome sequence of the prototype of sapovirus, namely Sapporo virus (SV82), was identified. Sapporo virus RNA was extracted from a fecal...
In this study, the full-length genome sequence of the prototype of sapovirus, namely Sapporo virus (SV82), was identified. Sapporo virus RNA was extracted from a fecal sample, amplified by RT-PCR and the PCR products sequenced directly and analyzed. Sequence analysis showed that Sapporo virus consists of 7433 nucleotides and has three open reading frames. The Sapporo strain shows 91.7% nucleotide sequence identity to the Manchester virus. Phylogenic analysis has also revealed the closeness of Sapporo virus to other sapovirus/genogroup I strains. Basic information on the evolutionary history of sapovirus analysis is provided here.
Topics: Cluster Analysis; Feces; Genome, Viral; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Open Reading Frames; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sapovirus; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
PubMed: 21645054
DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00358.x -
Uirusu Dec 2011Caliciviruses represented by norovirus and sapovirus exist not only in human but also in other animal species. Clinical manifestations are gastroenteritis, respiratory... (Review)
Review
Caliciviruses represented by norovirus and sapovirus exist not only in human but also in other animal species. Clinical manifestations are gastroenteritis, respiratory infections, vesicles and hemorrhagic skin diseases and others symptoms depended on the viruses. Inapparent symptom of calicivirus infection is also recognized. Calicivirus is stable in the environment and found sometimes in contaminated food or water sources. In addition to intragenomic mutation, intragenomic recombination is the common phenomenon that usually found in calicivirus genome. The genomic recombinations have been reported among the strains within the same animal species. For diagnosis and molecular epidemiological study, several laboratory methods are available, such as genetic molecular analysis, enzyme immunoassay and immunochromatography, which developed by using the antibody against virus-like particles. The reactivity between virus and host immunity is type specific and the titer of cross reaction is not so high. There are evidences that the new variant strains are emerged and spread quickly year by year. Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) is one of the specific host cells receptor for calicivirus. Infectivity of the virus depends on specificity of the HBGA on the host cells. Because of the inability to culture human norovirus and sapovirus, pathogenesis and immunological data are limited. So far, only feline calicivirus and mouse norovirus are cultivable. Animal model studies for calicivirus by gnotobiotic pigs with human calicivirus and mouse with mouse norovirus are mainly used for experiments of pathobiological study, treatment and vaccine development.
Topics: Animals; Caliciviridae; Caliciviridae Infections; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Mice; Norovirus; Sapovirus; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 22916566
DOI: 10.2222/jsv.61.193 -
The Indian Journal of Medical Research Nov 2015
Topics: Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Male; RNA Viruses; Rotavirus; Sapovirus
PubMed: 26658603
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Jun 2000Norwalk virus (NV) and Sapporo virus (SV) were approved as type species of the genus Norwalk-like viruses and the genus Sapporo-like viruses, respectively, within the...
Norwalk virus (NV) and Sapporo virus (SV) were approved as type species of the genus Norwalk-like viruses and the genus Sapporo-like viruses, respectively, within the family Caliciviridae. To clarify the importance of NV and SV as causes of gastroenteritis outbreaks in infants, stool samples obtained from 36 outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis that occurred during 1976-1995 in an infant home in Sapporo, Japan, were examined for diarrhea viruses using electron microscopy, enzyme immunoassays, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequencing of the PCR products. NV and SV were associated with 15 (42%) of the 36 outbreaks and were more prevalent than rotavirus (RV) A, which was associated with 10 (28%) of the 36 outbreaks. Our data indicate that NV and SV were the most common cause of outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in infants and were indeed more prevalent than RV-A in Sapporo, Japan, during 1976-1995.
Topics: Caliciviridae Infections; DNA, Viral; Disease Outbreaks; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Japan; Norwalk virus; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Seasons
PubMed: 10837186
DOI: 10.1086/315500 -
Clinical severity of Norwalk virus and Sapporo virus gastroenteritis in children in Hokkaido, Japan.The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal Sep 2001To clarify the clinical significance and etiologic impact of Norwalk virus (NV) and Sapporo virus (SV) in viral gastroenteritis in Japanese children. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
To clarify the clinical significance and etiologic impact of Norwalk virus (NV) and Sapporo virus (SV) in viral gastroenteritis in Japanese children.
STUDY DESIGN
Two outbreaks each of NV gastroenteritis and SV gastroenteritis occurring in an infant home in Sapporo, Japan, as well as 95 hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis were retrospectively evaluated using a 0- to 20-point clinical severity scoring system.
RESULTS
The mean severity scores for NV and SV gastroenteritis outbreaks were 7.9 and 5.2, respectively, as compared with 8.4 for rotavirus A gastroenteritis that occurred in the same infant home. Among 95 hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis, rotavirus A was detected in 47% followed by NV in 18%. SV was not found.
CONCLUSION
Our data indicate that NV can cause severe gastroenteritis and is an important etiologic agent in hospitalized cases, whereas SV causes mild gastroenteritis in Japanese children.
Topics: Acute Disease; Caliciviridae Infections; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Feces; Female; Gastroenteritis; Hospitalization; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Japan; Male; Norwalk virus; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Sapovirus; Severity of Illness Index; Statistics, Nonparametric
PubMed: 11734762
DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200109000-00005 -
Journal of Virological Methods Jun 2022Quantifying proliferative virus particles is one of the most important experimental procedures in virology. Compared with classical overlay materials, newly developed...
Quantifying proliferative virus particles is one of the most important experimental procedures in virology. Compared with classical overlay materials, newly developed cellulose derivatives enable a plaque-forming assay to produce countable clear plaques easily. HEp-2 cells are widely used in plaque assays for human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It is crucial to use an overlay material to keep HEp-2 cell proliferation and prevent RSV particles from spreading over the fluid. Among four cellulose derivatives, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (CMC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), we found that HPMC was the optimal overlay material because HPMC maintained HEp-2 cell proliferation and RSV infectivity. Although MCC was unsuitable for RSV, it assisted the plaque-forming by human metapneumovirus in TMPRSS2-expressing cells. Therefore, depending on the cells and viruses, it is necessary to use different overlay materials at varying concentrations.
Topics: Cellulose; Humans; Hypromellose Derivatives; Metapneumovirus; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 35358640
DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114528 -
Journal of Medical Virology Jun 1997This report describes the characterization of Parkville virus, the etiologic agent of an outbreak of foodborne gastroenteritis, that has the morphology of a calicivirus...
This report describes the characterization of Parkville virus, the etiologic agent of an outbreak of foodborne gastroenteritis, that has the morphology of a calicivirus and genetic properties that distinguish it from previously identified strains in the Sapporo/Manchester virus clade. Sequence analysis of the Parkville virus genome showed it contained the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase motifs GLPSG and YGDD characteristic of members of the family Caliciviridae with an organization identical to that reported for the Manchester virus where the capsid region of the polyprotein is fused to the RNA polymerase. Parkville virus however, demonstrates considerable sequence divergence from both the Manchester and Sapporo caliciviruses, providing the first indications that genetic diversity exists within caliciviruses of this previously homogeneous clade. On the basis of recent advances in the genetic characterization of members of the family Caliciviridae, we propose a new interim phylogenetic classification system in which Parkville virus would be included with Manchester and Sapporo virus as a separate group distinct from the small round-structured viruses (Norwalk-like viruses) that also cause diarrhea in humans.
Topics: Adult; Amino Acid Sequence; Base Sequence; Caliciviridae; Caliciviridae Infections; Disease Outbreaks; Gastroenteritis; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Humans; Maryland; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 9179765
DOI: No ID Found -
Microbiology and Immunology 2000Norwalk virus and Sapporo virus were approved as type species of the genus "Norwalk-like viruses" and the genus "Sapporo-like viruses," respectively, in the family...
Evaluation of nine sets of PCR primers in the RNA dependent RNA polymerase region for detection and differentiation of members of the family Caliciviridae, Norwalk virus and Sapporo virus.
Norwalk virus and Sapporo virus were approved as type species of the genus "Norwalk-like viruses" and the genus "Sapporo-like viruses," respectively, in the family Caliciviridae. A total of 116 stool specimens containing Norwalk virus (NV) or Sapporo virus (SV) were tested by RT-PCR and Southern hybridization to evaluate nine sets of PCR primers and seven internal oligonucleotide probes in the RNA dependent RNA polymerase region of NV and SV for detection and differentiation of viruses in the NV and SV. Fifty-five stool samples were collected from 11 outbreaks of NV and/or SV gastroenteritis in an infant home, where residents were infants under 2 years of age, in Sapporo, Japan. Sixty specimens were obtained in Sapporo from sporadic cases in children, mainly under 6 years of age, of acute gastroenteritis due to small round structured viruses detected by EM. There is no single primer pair to detect all NV and SV, and at least three primer pairs, G1 set, G2 set and Sapp35/Sapp36, are required to detect viruses in the NV and SV clades. Many NV and SV strains were successfully classified into one of the NV/genogroup I, NV/genogroup II and SV by single-round RT-PCR and Southern hybridization. The new detection method for SV reported in this study combined with those for NV previously reported may elucidate the importance of Norwalk virus and Sapporo virus as a cause of viral gastroenteritis in all age groups in the world.
Topics: Blotting, Southern; Caliciviridae; Caliciviridae Infections; Child, Preschool; DNA Primers; Feces; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Norwalk virus; Oligonucleotide Probes; RNA, Viral; RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 10888362
DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2000.tb02515.x -
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal Mar 2001Sapporo-like viruses (SLVs) occur worldwide, but there is limited information about the SLV-associated gastroenteritis outside Japan. (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Sapporo-like viruses (SLVs) occur worldwide, but there is limited information about the SLV-associated gastroenteritis outside Japan.
METHODS
Stool specimens from 1,432 episodes of gastroenteritis that occurred in children between 2 months and 2 years of age during a rotavirus vaccine trial (776 episodes in placebo-vaccinated and 656 in rotavirus-vaccinated infants) were examined for SLVs using a reverse transcription-PCR assay. The reverse transcription-PCR took advantage of new primers specific for Sapporo virus genetic clusters I, II and III; SV/SV82 (SV/Sapporo virus 82); SV/Lond92 (SV/ London 92); and SV/PV (Parkville virus).
RESULTS
SLVs were detected in association with 132 (9.2%) of all episodes; in 80 (5.6%) episodes SLV was the only gastroenteritis virus detected. The epidemic season of SLVs peaked from March to May concurrently with rotaviruses and astroviruses and overlapping withNorwalk-like viruses. Clinically SLV gastroenteritis was characterized by a mild diarrheal disease, being sharply different from the Norwalk-like virus-associated "winter vomiting disease." Rotavirus vaccination did not have any effect on the number of SLV episodes, but the intensity and duration of SLV-associated diarrhea were reduced in rotavirus-vaccinated children compared with placebo-vaccinated children (P = 0.0008).
CONCLUSIONS
SLVs are common causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in young Finnish children. SLV disease is characterized by diarrhea, which is usually mild but can be severe. By an unknown mechanism rotavirus vaccine seems to reduce the severity of SLV-associated diarrhea.
Topics: Caliciviridae Infections; Diarrhea; Double-Blind Method; Feces; Female; Finland; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Male; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rotavirus Vaccines; Sapovirus; Seasons
PubMed: 11303833
DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200103000-00015