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Annals of the New York Academy of... Nov 2007Being fed up with something is a prevalent and fundamental human experience. Although the relevance of mental satiation, that is, the process of becoming fed up with an... (Review)
Review
Being fed up with something is a prevalent and fundamental human experience. Although the relevance of mental satiation, that is, the process of becoming fed up with an action, is highly acknowledged in organizational psychology, almost no empirical research has examined this concept. In this article, we take a social cognitive neuroscience approach to mental satiation. By building on and extending the classic work of Lewin and Karsten, we propose a new model of mental satiation that focuses on the cognitive, motivational, and neural processes underlying mental satiation. Our model starts with the assumption that repeated performance of an action undermines one's need for competence and hence leads to a loss of intrinsic motivation. We then distinguish between two phases of the satiation process: The first phase is characterized by a loss of intrinsic motivation to perform the action. The second phase starts when the intrinsic motivation has vanished and volitional control is required to continue the action. We predict that the loss of intrinsic motivation in the first phase of the satiation process is correlated with a decrease in activity in brain regions associated with positive hedonic experience, such as the nucleus accumbens, the ventral pallidum, and the medial orbitofrontal cortex. In contrast, the growing aversion toward the action during the second phase of the satiation process is predicted to be correlated with an increase in activity in brain regions associated with unpleasant affect and volitional control, such as the amygdala, the anterior insula, and the anterior cingulate cortex.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Cognition; Cognitive Science; Humans; Models, Psychological; Motivation; Satiation; Social Behavior
PubMed: 17804525
DOI: 10.1196/annals.1412.006 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Feb 2023Transient sexual experiences can have long-lasting effects on behavioral decisions, but the neural coding that accounts for this change is unclear. We found that the...
Transient sexual experiences can have long-lasting effects on behavioral decisions, but the neural coding that accounts for this change is unclear. We found that the ejaculation experience selectively activated estrogen receptor 2 ()-expressing neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST)-BNST-and led to persistent decreases in firing threshold for days, during which time the mice displayed sexual satiety. Inhibition of hyperexcited BNST elicited fast mating recovery in satiated mice of both sexes. In males, such hyperexcitability reduced mating motivation and was partially mediated by larger HCN (hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated) currents. Thus, BNST not only encode a specific mating action but also represent a persistent state of sexual satiety, and alterations in a neuronal ion channel contribute to sexual experience-dependent long-term changes to mating drive.
Topics: Animals; Female; Male; Mice; Motivation; Neurons; Satiation; Septal Nuclei; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Ejaculation; Estrogen Receptor beta
PubMed: 36758107
DOI: 10.1126/science.abl4038 -
Forum of Nutrition 2010Amylin plays an important role in the control of nutrient fluxes. It is cosecreted with insulin and reduces eating by promoting meal-ending satiation. This effect seems... (Review)
Review
Amylin plays an important role in the control of nutrient fluxes. It is cosecreted with insulin and reduces eating by promoting meal-ending satiation. This effect seems to depend on a stimulation of amylin receptors in the area postrema. Subsequent to area postrema activation, the neural signal is conveyed to the forebrain via distinct relays in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the lateral parabrachial nucleus to the lateral hypothalamic area and other hypothalamic nuclei; the functional roles of these relays in amylin's eating inhibitory effect have not been fully investigated. Amylin may also play a role in the regulation of adiposity. Plasma levels of amylin are increased in adiposity, although the precise relation is unknown. Furthermore, chronic infusion of amylin into the brain reduced body weight gain and adiposity, and chronic infusion of an amylin receptor antagonist increased body adiposity. Both these animal data and pre-clinical research in humans indicate that amylin is a promising option for anti-obesity therapy, especially in combination with leptin. Finally, recent findings indicate that amylin may also be necessary for normal brain development; it acts as a neurotrophic factor for the development of brainstem pathways involved in the control of eating. How this may be relevant under physiological conditions requires further studies, but these findings substantiate the concept that amylin plays an integrative role in the development and operation of neural circuits involved in the control of eating and energy homeostasis.
Topics: Adiposity; Amyloid; Anti-Obesity Agents; Brain; Humans; Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; Obesity; Satiation
PubMed: 19955774
DOI: 10.1159/000264394 -
Nutrients Jan 2016Subjective feelings of appetite are measured using visual analogue scales (VAS) in controlled trials. However, the methods used to analyze VAS during the Satiation (pre-... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Subjective feelings of appetite are measured using visual analogue scales (VAS) in controlled trials. However, the methods used to analyze VAS during the Satiation (pre- to post-meal) and Satiety (post-meal to subsequent meal) periods vary broadly, making it difficult to compare results amongst independent studies testing the same product. This review proposes a methodology to analyze VAS during both the Satiation and Satiety periods, allowing us to compare results in a meta-analysis.
METHODS
A methodology to express VAS results as incremental areas under the curve (iAUC) for both the Satiation and Satiety periods is proposed using polydextrose as a case study. Further, a systematic review and meta-analysis on subjective feelings of appetite was conducted following the PRISMA methodology. Meta-analyses were expressed as Standardized Mean Difference (SMD).
RESULTS
Seven studies were included in the meta-analysis. There were important differences in the methods used to analyze appetite ratings amongst these studies. The separate subjective feelings of appetite reported were Hunger, Satisfaction, Fullness, Prospective Food Consumption, and the Desire to Eat. The method proposed here allowed the results of the different studies to be homogenized. The meta-analysis showed that Desire to Eat during the Satiation period favors polydextrose for the reduction of this subjective feeling of appetite (SMD = 0.24, I² < 0.01, p = 0.018); this effect was also significant in the sub-analysis by sex for the male population (SMD = 0.35, I² < 0.01, p = 0.015). There were no other significant results.
CONCLUSION
It is possible to compare VAS results from separate studies. The assessment of iAUC for both the Satiation and Satiety periods generates results of homogeneous magnitudes. This case study demonstrates, for the first time, that polydextrose reduces the Desire to Eat during the Satiation period. This may explain, at least in part, the observed effects of polydextrose on the reduction of levels of energy intake at subsequent meals.
Topics: Adult; Appetite; Area Under Curve; Emotions; Female; Food Additives; Glucans; Humans; Hunger; Male; Middle Aged; Postprandial Period; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Research Design; Satiation; Visual Analog Scale
PubMed: 26784221
DOI: 10.3390/nu8010045 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Apr 2015Neural responses to rewarding food cues are significantly different in the fed vs. fasted (>8 h food-deprived) state. However, the effect of eating to satiety after a...
BACKGROUND
Neural responses to rewarding food cues are significantly different in the fed vs. fasted (>8 h food-deprived) state. However, the effect of eating to satiety after a shorter (more natural) intermeal interval on neural responses to both rewarding and aversive cues has not been examined.
OBJECTIVE
With the use of a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task, we investigated the effect of satiation on neural responses to both rewarding and aversive food tastes and pictures.
DESIGN
Sixteen healthy participants (8 men, 8 women) were scanned on 2 separate test days, before and after eating a meal to satiation or after not eating for 4 h (satiated vs. premeal). fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals to the sight and/or taste of the stimuli were recorded.
RESULTS
A whole-brain cluster-corrected analysis (P < 0.05) showed that satiation attenuated the BOLD response to both stimulus types in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), orbitofrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, and insula but increased BOLD activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC; local maxima corrected to P ≤ 0.001). A psychophysiological interaction analysis showed that the vmPFC was more highly connected to the dlPFC when individuals were exposed to food stimuli when satiated than when not satiated.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that natural satiation attenuates activity in reward-related brain regions and increases activity in the dlPFC, which may reflect a "top down" cognitive influence on satiation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02298049.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Mass Index; Fasting; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Oxygen; Prefrontal Cortex; Reward; Satiation; Taste; Young Adult
PubMed: 25833968
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.097543 -
Nutrients Feb 2020Leptin is a hormone released by adipose tissue that plays a key role in the control of energy homeostasis through its binding to leptin receptors (LepR), mainly... (Review)
Review
Leptin is a hormone released by adipose tissue that plays a key role in the control of energy homeostasis through its binding to leptin receptors (LepR), mainly expressed in the hypothalamus. Most scientific evidence points to leptin's satiating effect being due to its dual capacity to promote the expression of anorexigenic neuropeptides and to reduce orexigenic expression in the hypothalamus. However, it has also been demonstrated that leptin can stimulate (i) thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and (ii) the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). Since the demonstration of the importance of BAT in humans 10 years ago, its study has aroused great interest, mainly in the improvement of obesity-associated metabolic disorders through the induction of thermogenesis. Consequently, several strategies targeting BAT activation (mainly in rodent models) have demonstrated great potential to improve hyperlipidemias, hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance and weight gain, leading to an overall healthier metabolic profile. Here, we review the potential therapeutic ability of leptin to correct obesity and other metabolic disorders, not only through its satiating effect, but by also utilizing its thermogenic properties.
Topics: Adipose Tissue, Brown; Adipose Tissue, White; Animals; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Hypothalamus; Leptin; Obesity; Receptors, Leptin; Satiation; Thermogenesis
PubMed: 32069871
DOI: 10.3390/nu12020472 -
Neurogastroenterology and Motility May 2008Studying communication between the gut and the brain is as relevant and exciting as it has been since Pavlov's discoveries a century ago. Although the efferent limb of... (Review)
Review
Studying communication between the gut and the brain is as relevant and exciting as it has been since Pavlov's discoveries a century ago. Although the efferent limb of this communication has witnessed significant advances, it is the afferent, or sensory, limb that has recently made for exciting news. It is now clear that signals from the gut are crucial for the control of appetite and the regulation of energy balance, glucose homeostasis, and more. Ghrelin, discovered just a few years ago, is the first gut hormone that increases appetite, and it may be involved in eating disorders. The stable analogue of glucagon-like peptide-1 has rapidly advanced to one of the most promising treatment options for type-2 diabetes. Changes in the signalling patterns of these and other gut hormones best explain the remarkable capacity of gastric bypass surgery to lower food intake and excess body weight. Given the enormous societal implications of the obesity epidemic, these are no small feats. Together with the older gut hormone cholecystokinin and abundant vagal mechanosensors, the gut continuously sends information to the brain regarding the quality and quantity of ingested nutrients, not only important for satiation and meal termination, but also for the appetitive phase of ingestive behaviour and the patterning of meals within given environmental constraints. By acting not only on brainstem and hypothalamus, this stream of sensory information from the gut to the brain is in a position to generate a feeling of satisfaction and happiness as observed after a satiating meal and exploited in vagal afferent stimulation for depression.
Topics: Animals; Appetite Regulation; Brain; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Neural Pathways; Personal Satisfaction; Satiation; Vagus Nerve
PubMed: 18402643
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01104.x -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Oct 1994
Topics: Animals; Cholecystokinin; Eating; Humans; Satiation
PubMed: 7985284
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Mar 1994
Review
Topics: Animals; Cholecystokinin; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Proglumide; Receptors, Cholecystokinin; Satiation; Satiety Response
PubMed: 8185168
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb44074.x -
Physiology & Behavior Aug 2004The postingestive satiating action of food is often viewed as producing a positive affective state that rewards eating. However, in an early test of this idea, Van Vort... (Review)
Review
The postingestive satiating action of food is often viewed as producing a positive affective state that rewards eating. However, in an early test of this idea, Van Vort and Smith [Physiol. Behav. 30 (1983) 279] reported that rats did not learn to prefer a food that was "real-fed" and satiating over a food that was "sham-fed" and not satiating. Subsequent investigators obtained similar findings with concentrated nutrient sources. With dilute nutrient sources, however, rats learned to prefer the real-fed to the sham-fed food. These and other findings demonstrate that nutrients have rewarding postingestive effects that enhance food preferences via a conditioning process. These reward effects appear separate from the satiating actions of nutrients, which may actually reduce food reward. Food intake and preference are controlled by a complex interaction of positive and negative signals generated by nutrients in the mouth and at postingestive sites.
Topics: Animals; Conditioning, Operant; Eating; Feeding Behavior; Food Preferences; Humans; Reward; Satiation; Stomach
PubMed: 15234596
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.04.045