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Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 2013Obesity has a multifactorial etiology. Although obesity is widespread and associated with serious health hazards, its effective prevention and treatment have been... (Review)
Review
Obesity has a multifactorial etiology. Although obesity is widespread and associated with serious health hazards, its effective prevention and treatment have been challenging. Among the currently available treatment approaches, lifestyle modification to induce a negative energy balance holds a particularly larger appeal due to its wider reach and relative safety. However, long-term compliance with dietary modifications to reduce energy intake is not effective for the majority. The role of many individual nutrients, foods, and food groups in inducing satiety has been extensively studied. Based on this evidence, we have developed sample weight-loss meal plans that include multiple satiating foods, which may collectively augment the satiating properties of a meal. Compared to a typical American diet, these meal plans are considerably lower in energy density and probably more satiating. A diet that exploits the satiating properties of multiple foods may help increase long-term dietary compliance and consequentially enhance weight loss.
Topics: Animals; Appetite; Body Weight; Dairy Products; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Proteins; Eating; Eggs; Energy Intake; Fabaceae; Fishes; Glycemic Index; Humans; Meat; Nuts; Satiation; Weight Loss
PubMed: 23522796
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-410540-9.00003-X -
Pediatric Obesity Jun 2015Understanding the dynamics of feeding is essential for preventing accelerated weight gain during infancy, a risk factor for obesity.
BACKGROUND
Understanding the dynamics of feeding is essential for preventing accelerated weight gain during infancy, a risk factor for obesity.
OBJECTIVES
Because infants satiate on larger volumes of cow milk formula (CMF) than CMF enriched with the free amino acid glutamate (CMF + glu), we used this model system to determine whether infants displayed consistent behaviours despite satiating on lower volumes.
METHODS
In this laboratory-based, within-subject experimental study of ≤4-month-old infants (n = 41) and their mothers, infants were videotaped while feeding to satiation CMF on one test day and CMF + glu on the other, in counterbalanced order. Each video-recording was analysed frame-by-frame for frequency and timing of behaviours.
RESULTS
Infants' behaviours were consistent in types and frequency but were displayed sooner when feeding CMF + glu compared with CMF. The less responsive the mother's feeding style, the less consistent the infant displayed behaviours across the two formula meals (P = 0.05). Infants who spat up (a possible sign of overfeeding) consumed more formula (P = 0.01) and had less responsive mothers (P = 0.04) compared with the other infants.
CONCLUSIONS
Infants are consistent in their behavioural displays during feeding at this developmental age. Regulation of intake and signalling of satiation during bottle-feeding are associated with formula composition and maternal feeding style.
Topics: Animals; Appetite Regulation; Bottle Feeding; Cattle; Energy Intake; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Behavior; Infant Formula; Male; Mothers; Satiation; Satiety Response; Weight Gain
PubMed: 24990443
DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.250 -
The British Journal of Nutrition Jul 2012We investigated whether repeated consumption of a low-energy-dense (LED; 208 kJ/100 g) or high-energy-dense (HED; 645 kJ/100 g) soup modifies expectations relating to...
We investigated whether repeated consumption of a low-energy-dense (LED; 208 kJ/100 g) or high-energy-dense (HED; 645 kJ/100 g) soup modifies expectations relating to the satiating capacity of the food, and its subsequent intake. In study 1, participants consumed either a novel-flavoured LED (n 32; 21 (SD 1·6) years, BMI 21·4 (SD 1·6) kg/m(2)) or HED soup (n 32; 21 (SD 1·6) years, BMI 21·3 (SD 1·7) kg/m(2)). Soup was served in a fixed amount on days 1-4 and ad libitum on day 5. 'Expected satiation' was measured on days 1, 2 and 5. Expected satiation did not change after repeated consumption of the LED or HED soup. Ad libitum intake did not differ between the LED (461 (SD 213) g) and HED soup (391 (SD 164) g). Only on day 1, expected satiation was higher for the HED soup than for the LED soup (P = 0·03), suggesting a role for sensory attributes in expected satiation. In study 2, thirty participants (21 (SD 1·6) years, BMI 21·3 (SD 1·7) kg/m(2)) performed a single measurement of expected satiation of the LED and HED soup, and four commercially available types of soup. Ratings on sensory attributes were associated with expected satiation. Results on expected satiation coincided with those of study 1. Thickness and intensity of taste were independently associated with expected satiation. Expectations may initially rely on sensory attributes and previous experiences, and are not easily changed.
Topics: Appetite; Consumer Behavior; Eating; Energy Intake; Female; Food Analysis; Humans; Male; Satiation; Young Adult
PubMed: 22017801
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114511005344 -
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of... Nov 1999Responding may change substantially over the course of a session (McSweeney, Hinson, & Cannon, 1996). The role of satiation in this effect was investigated in three...
Responding may change substantially over the course of a session (McSweeney, Hinson, & Cannon, 1996). The role of satiation in this effect was investigated in three experiments. Experiment 1 showed that the capacity of pigeons to consume milo over a 1-hr period was relatively stable across three different methods of measurement. In Experiment 2, pigeons were divided into two groups that differed in their capacity based on one of those measures. Key pecking was then reinforced under a variable-interval 30-s schedule with hopper durations of 2 or 5 s. According to the satiation hypothesis, subjects with small capacities should satiate faster and therefore show greater decreases in food-reinforced responding than would subjects with larger capacities. The results confirmed this prediction and showed that the magnitudes of within-session decreases were better predicted by the amount an animal consumed relative to its capacity than by absolute amount alone. In Experiment 3, each pigeon was prefed 0, 5, 15, or 25 g of milo prior to each session. Consistent with the satiation hypothesis, increases in prefeeding produced lower overall response rates in the smaller capacity subjects than in the larger capacity subjects at each level of prefeeding. These experiments demonstrate the importance of a new variable in the control of behavior, and provide a recommended technique for its measurement.
Topics: Animals; Arousal; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Satiation
PubMed: 10605104
DOI: 10.1901/jeab.1999.72-407 -
Physiology & Behavior Nov 2012One of the characteristics of the current obesogenic food supply is the large availability of foods that can be ingested quickly. Controlled nutrition intervention...
One of the characteristics of the current obesogenic food supply is the large availability of foods that can be ingested quickly. Controlled nutrition intervention studies have shown that the ingestion of simple energy containing beverages, which are consumed very quickly, do not lead to a lower compensatory intake of other foods. One of the theories behind this observation is that calories that are ingested quickly are not well sensed by the sense of taste, and do not lead to an adequate satiety response. This idea is confirmed by the results of a series of studies, where we have shown that the low satiation/satiety response of beverages can be largely attributed to their short oral residence time. Prolonging the oro-sensory exposure time to foods leads to earlier meal termination and/or a higher satiety response. The low satiation/satiety response to simple energy containing beverages is congruent with the observation from studies on the cephalic phase response to foods, i.e. the physiological response to sensory signals. Energy containing beverages do not lead to an adequate cephalic phase response. Various recent studies showed that slower eating leads to higher levels of satiety hormones. These results are in line with the idea that the sense of taste is a nutrient sensor which informs the brain and the gut about the inflow of nutrients. The sense of taste has an important contribution to the satiating effect of foods. One of the challenges in future research is to see whether or not these proofs of principles can be applied in longer term studies with regular commercial foods. This may make our obesogenic food supply more satiating, and may lead to a lower energy intake.
Topics: Appetite Regulation; Eating; Energy Intake; Feeding Behavior; Food Preferences; Humans; Mouth; Satiation; Satiety Response; Taste; Time Factors; Touch
PubMed: 22609070
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.05.008 -
The International Journal of Eating... Dec 2023Gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly postprandial fullness, are frequently reported in eating disorders. Limited data exist evaluating how these symptoms change in...
Preliminary data that psychological treatment and baseline anxiety are associated with a decrease in postprandial fullness and early satiation for individuals with bulimia nervosa and related other specified feeding or eating disorder.
OBJECTIVE
Gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly postprandial fullness, are frequently reported in eating disorders. Limited data exist evaluating how these symptoms change in response to outpatient psychological treatment. The current study sought to describe the course of postprandial fullness and early satiation across psychological treatment for adults with bulimia nervosa and related other specified feeding or eating disorders and to test if anxiety moderates treatment response.
METHODS
Secondary data analysis was conducted on questionnaire data provided by 30 individuals (80% white, M(SD) = 31.43(13.44) years; 90% female) throughout treatment and six-month follow-up in a pilot trial comparing mindfulness and acceptance-based treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa. Participants completed items from the Rome IV Diagnostic Questionnaire for Adult Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory.
RESULTS
Postprandial fullness and early satiation both significantly decreased over time (ds = 1.23-1.54; p's < .001). Baseline trait anxiety moderated this outcome, such that greater decreases were observed for those with higher baseline anxiety (p = .02).
DISCUSSION
Results extend prior work in inpatient samples by providing preliminary data that postprandial fullness and early satiation decrease with outpatient psychological treatment for bulimia nervosa. Baseline anxiety moderated this effect for postprandial fullness. Future work should replicate findings in a larger sample and test anxiety as a mechanism underlying postprandial fullness in eating disorders.
PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE
The current study found that common gastrointestinal symptoms (postprandial fullness and early satiation) decrease over the course of outpatient psychotherapy for adults with full and subthreshold bulimia nervosa. Postprandial fullness decreased more across time for those high in anxiety.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Female; Male; Bulimia Nervosa; Preliminary Data; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Anxiety; Satiation; Anorexia Nervosa
PubMed: 37746867
DOI: 10.1002/eat.24068 -
Appetite Dec 2022Memory processes may have several roles in appetite regulation. Here we examine one such role, derived from the animal literature, in which satiety cues lead to the...
Memory processes may have several roles in appetite regulation. Here we examine one such role, derived from the animal literature, in which satiety cues lead to the inhibition of rewarding food-related memories. We tested this idea over three studies (n's of 58, 67, 50 respectively), by presenting participants with visual or verbal food cues, and asking them to describe what these foods were like to eat. This recollection task was undertaken hungry and sated. The resulting recollections were then coded and contrasted across state. Irrespective of state, participants took the same time to make their recollections, they were of similar length and included the same amount of sensory detail and affective content. However, in all three studies, sated recollections tended to include more reports about how filling a food would be. This increase in reports of food fillingness across state, was significantly correlated with increases in reports of stomach distension across state. While these results are consistent with the operation of memory inhibition, a further possibility is considered, whereby interoceptive satiety cues are integrated into food-related recollections (but not other recollections) to form a memory-inteorception-combination, thereby drawing attention to the consequences of eating when sated.
Topics: Animals; Cues; Food; Hunger; Reward; Satiation
PubMed: 36055461
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106289 -
Nutrition Reviews Jul 2022Satiety is a complex state, influenced by numerous factors that go beyond food ingestion. Satiety influences food habits and behavior, thus affecting human health. This... (Review)
Review
Satiety is a complex state, influenced by numerous factors that go beyond food ingestion. Satiety influences food habits and behavior, thus affecting human health. This review provides an overview of physiological mechanisms involved in satiety and of methodologies to assess food intake and satiety in both animal models and humans. The following topics are highlighted: differences between satiety and satiation; how the central nervous system regulates food intake and satiety; the impact of different macronutrients on satiety; and how the manipulation of food composition might influence overall satiety. Bringing together knowledge on this myriad of satiety mechanisms and how we can study them is useful to better understand and control obesity and other eating disorders.
Topics: Animals; Eating; Feeding Behavior; Food; Humans; Rodentia; Satiation
PubMed: 35190825
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac010 -
Physiology & Behavior Sep 2018Despite the ability of some gastrointestinal hormones to reliably reduce meal size when administered prior to a meal, it is not understood why the repeated... (Review)
Review
Despite the ability of some gastrointestinal hormones to reliably reduce meal size when administered prior to a meal, it is not understood why the repeated administration or genetic knockout of these hormones appear largely ineffective in reducing food intake and body weight. Here, we review evidence that the ability of GI peptides such as cholecystokinin (CCK) to elicit satiation is a consequence of prior learning. Evidence includes first, that the ability of some of these signals to modify food intake depends upon past experience and is malleable with new experience. Additionally, the ability of CCK and other gut signals to reduce food intake may not be hard-wired; i.e., any so-called "satiation" signal that reduces food intake in a single-meal situation may not continue to do so over repeated trials. The individual will respond to the signal only so long as it provides reliable information about caloric content. If a particular signal becomes unreliable, the individual will rely on other signals to end meals. Thus, gut peptides/hormones have important metabolic effects such as mediating absorption, digestion, and many aspects of the distribution of ingested nutrients throughout the body; and, if they have been reliably associated with natural stimuli that mediate satiation, they also inform behavior.
Topics: Animals; Eating; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Humans; Peptides; Satiation
PubMed: 29577941
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.048 -
Oecologia Apr 2018Variation in seed availability shapes plant communities, and is strongly affected by seed predation. In some plant species, temporal variation in seed production is...
Variation in seed availability shapes plant communities, and is strongly affected by seed predation. In some plant species, temporal variation in seed production is especially high and synchronized over large areas, which is called 'mast seeding'. One selective advantage of this phenomenon is predator satiation which posits that masting helps plants escape seed predation through starvation of predators in lean years, and satiation in mast years. However, even though seed predation can be predicted to have a strong spatial component and depend on plant densities, whether the effectiveness of predator satiation in masting plants changes according to the Janzen-Connell effect has been barely investigated. We studied, over an 8-year period, the seed production, the spatiotemporal patters of weevil seed predation, and the abundance of adult weevils in a holm oak (Quercus ilex) population that consists of trees interspersed at patches covering a continuum of conspecific density. Isolated oaks effectively satiate predators, but this is trumped by increasing conspecific plant density. Lack of predator satiation in trees growing in dense patches was caused by re-distribution of insects among plants that likely attenuated them against food shortage in lean years, and changed the type of weevil functional response from type II in isolated trees to type III in trees growing in dense patches. This study provides the first empirical evaluation of the notion that masting and predator satiation should be more important in populations that start to dominate their communities, and is consistent with the observation that masting is less frequent and less intense in diverse forests.
Topics: Animals; Feeding Behavior; Predatory Behavior; Quercus; Satiation; Seeds; Weevils
PubMed: 29383506
DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4069-7