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Journal of Evolutionary Biology Dec 2021
Response to: A comment on The adaptive value of gluttony: Predators mediate the life history trade-offs of satiation threshold by Pruitt and Krauel (2010) by Postma et al. (2021).
Topics: Food Chain; Satiation
PubMed: 34927304
DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13915 -
Physiology & Behavior Feb 2015The vagal nerve and gut hormones CCK and GLP-1 play important roles in the control of food intake. However, it is not clear to what extent CCK and GLP-1 increase...
The vagal nerve and gut hormones CCK and GLP-1 play important roles in the control of food intake. However, it is not clear to what extent CCK and GLP-1 increase satiation by stimulating receptors located on abdominal vagal nerve endings or via receptors located elsewhere. This study aimed to further explore the relative contribution of the abdominal vagal nerve in mediating the satiating effects of endogenous CCK and GLP-1. Total subdiaphragmatic vagotomy or sham operation was combined with administration of CCK1 and GLP-1 receptor antagonists devazepide and exendin (9-39) in 12 pigs, applying an unbalanced Latin Square within-subject design. Furthermore, effects of vagotomy on preprandial and postprandial acetaminophen absorption, glucose, insulin, GLP-1 and CCK plasma concentrations were investigated. Ad libitum liquid meal intake (mean±SEM) was similar in sham and vagotomized pigs (4180±435 and 3760±810 g/meal). Intake increased by about 20% after blockade of CCK1 receptors, independently of the abdominal vagal nerve. Food intake did not increase after blockade of GLP-1 receptors. Blockade of CCK1 and GLP-1 receptors increased circulating CCK and GLP-1 concentrations in sham pigs only, suggesting the existence of a vagal reflex mechanism in the regulation of plasma CCK1 and GLP-1 concentrations. Vagotomy decreased acetaminophen absorption and changed glucose, insulin, CCK and GLP-1 concentrations indicating a delay in gastric emptying. Our data show that at liquid feeding, satiation is decreased effectively by pharmacological blockade of CCK1 receptors. We conclude that regulation of liquid meal intake appears to be primarily regulated by CCK1 receptors not located on abdominal vagal nerve endings.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Animals; Blood Glucose; Cholecystokinin; Devazepide; Eating; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; Hormone Antagonists; Insulin; Male; Models, Animal; Peptide Fragments; Postprandial Period; Receptors, Glucagon; Satiation; Sus scrofa; Vagotomy; Vagus Nerve
PubMed: 25449395
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.031 -
The British Journal of Nutrition May 2008It is suggested that the brain response of a food odour sensed retro-nasally is related to satiation. The extent of retro-nasal aroma release during consumption depends... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
It is suggested that the brain response of a food odour sensed retro-nasally is related to satiation. The extent of retro-nasal aroma release during consumption depends on the physical structure of a food, i.e. solid foods generate a longer, more pronounced retro-nasal aroma release than liquid foods. The aim of this study was to investigate if a beverage becomes more satiating when the retro-nasal aroma release profile coincides with the profile of a (soft) solid food. In a double-blind placebo-controlled randomised cross-over full factorial design, twenty-seven healthy subjects (fourteen males and thirteen females; aged 16-65 years; BMI 19-37 kg/m(2) were administered aroma profiles by a computer-controlled stimulator based on air dilution olfactometry. Profile A consisted of a profile that is obtained during consumption of normal beverages. Profile B is normally observed during consumption of (soft) solids. The two profiles were produced with strawberry aroma and administered in a retro-nasal fashion, while the subjects consumed a sweetened milk drink. Before, during and after the sensory stimulation, appetite profile measurements were performed. Subjects felt significantly more satiated if they were aroma stimulated with profile B (P = 0.04). After stimulation with sweet strawberry aroma, there was a significant decrease in desire to eat sweet products (P = 0.0001). In conclusion, perceived satiation was increased by altering the extent of retro-nasal aroma release.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Appetite; Beverages; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Drinking; Energy Intake; Female; Food; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Milk; Nasal Cavity; Odorants; Satiation; Smell; Sweetening Agents; Taste; Young Adult
PubMed: 17953786
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114507837482 -
Physiology & Behavior 1986The maternal mouthbrooder Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor takes up her eggs during spawning and carries them continuously in her mouth for 10-11 days at 27 degrees C. Then...
The maternal mouthbrooder Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor takes up her eggs during spawning and carries them continuously in her mouth for 10-11 days at 27 degrees C. Then the young-by that time able to swim-are released from the mouth. The duration of mouthbrooding is controlled by an internal timing program in the mother [12]. In non-first-spawners brood care motivation (= readiness to take up brood into the mouth and keep it there) disappears within a few hours after brood removal. At the same time hunger-which is reduced to half of the normal level when brood care motivation is present-increases to the normal level [15]. In females without brood care motivation, satiation by food intake or by a water solution of 15 mg/l diethylpropion (an anorectic amphetamine-derivative), restores brood care motivation during a sensitive period of approximately 11 days after spawning. The point of release of adopted brood from the mouth depends on the duration of previous brood deprivation, but not on the state of brood care motivation nor on the hunger state during brood deprivation. The results suggest that above a certain level hunger inhibits brood care motivation. By contrast, the hunger state seems not to influence internal timing of mouthbrooding.
Topics: Animals; Diethylpropion; Female; Hunger; Maternal Behavior; Perches; Perciformes; Satiation
PubMed: 3786497
DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(86)90146-0 -
Oecologia May 2008Vertebrate frugivore communities are easily satiated by abundant fruit supplies and, contrary to abiotic dispersal agents, typically disperse only part of the available...
Vertebrate frugivore communities are easily satiated by abundant fruit supplies and, contrary to abiotic dispersal agents, typically disperse only part of the available seed pool. This frugivore satiation is likely to be a widespread phenomenon and should be an influential predictor of plants' ability to disperse their offspring to suitable establishment sites; yet it has never been systematically quantified. Here I investigate patterns of fruit abundance, frugivore activity and frugivore satiation, and their consequences for seed dispersal in the fleshy-fruited tree Frangula alnus. Based on constant-effort seed trapping conducted over 3 years, I assess densities of total and frugivore-consumed seedfall across two spatial (within/between populations) and two temporal (within/between ripening seasons) scales. Furthermore, I examine relationships between fruit abundance and the amount of seeds that are actually dispersed away from fruiting trees. Frugivore activity tightly matched fruit abundance, although some differences existed between scales. This marked fruit tracking did not prevent a significant frugivore satiation, however, and only 53% of the available fruit crops were actually consumed. The extent of satiation varied most at the within-population level, likely due to the territorial behaviour of important frugivore species. In contrast, levels of satiation remained remarkably invariable through time, suggesting that frugivores behave as opportunists and closely adjust the composition of their diet to the available food supply. Overall, greater fruit abundance resulted in a higher proportion of seeds falling beneath fruiting trees, but it also helped increase the (absolute) number of seeds dispersed. This study shows that frugivore satiation can be an important phenomenon even when frugivores tightly track fruit abundance. Its negative effects on recruitment may be attenuated, however, if greater fruit crops help increase population-wide frugivore activity and the amount of seeds being dispersed to suitable establishment sites.
Topics: Animals; Birds; Feeding Behavior; Fruit; Rhamnus; Satiation; Seeds
PubMed: 18270742
DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-0979-0 -
Lipids Feb 2003Dietary energy density (ED) appears to have a major influence on the regulation of food intake and body weight. If people consume a fixed weight of food each day, then... (Review)
Review
Dietary energy density (ED) appears to have a major influence on the regulation of food intake and body weight. If people consume a fixed weight of food each day, then high-ED diets should be associated with high energy intakes and with overweight. In contrast, low-ED diets should result in lower daily energy intakes and therefore weight loss. For this approach to work, low-ED foods must be as palatable as high-ED foods and, calorie for calorie, have a greater satiating power. Each of those assumptions is debatable. Dietary ED depends chiefly on the water content of foods. As a rule, high-ED foods are more palatable but less satiating, whereas low-ED foods are more satiating but less palatable. Consumer preferences for high-ED foods can be explained in terms of good taste, low cost, and convenience. Low-ED foods, such as fresh produce, provide less energy per unit cost than do high-ED foods, which often contain added sugars and fats. Poverty and obesity may well be linked through the habitual consumption of a low-cost, high-ED diet.
Topics: Body Weight; Energy Intake; Food; Humans; Satiation; Taste
PubMed: 12733741
DOI: 10.1007/s11745-003-1039-3 -
Behavioral and Neural Biology Sep 1987Animals filled almost to satiation by nonnutritive bulk do not satiate when they ingest a small amount of seaweed. This suggests that satiation is not triggered by...
Animals filled almost to satiation by nonnutritive bulk do not satiate when they ingest a small amount of seaweed. This suggests that satiation is not triggered by chemostimulation of an anteriorly located "hot spot." Inflation of a balloon placed in the gut of the animal results in satiation as reflected in a number of different parameters of feeding behavior. The suppressive effect of a relatively brief inflation is rapidly and fully reversible, although repeated inflation and deflation appeared to produce slowly reversible or irreversible effects. The parameters of the changes in feeding during gut inflation are comparable to those of normal animals that are slowly fed individual pieces of food. The inflation volume needed to satiate the animal is a function of the rate of inflation--more rapid inflations requiring larger volumes. Cutting of the esophageal nerves results in a significant increase in the volume needed to satiate the animals, but nevertheless they eventually cease feeding and generally do not show a burst gut. The evidence indicates that the satiation that eventually occurs in nerve-sectioned animals, at least in part, is due to depression of feeding following very prolonged sensory stimulation. The data suggest that for a rapidly consumed meal, satiation results primarily due to distension-related gut signals conveyed by the esophageal nerves, whereas for very slowly consumed meals, the former factor interacts with a process associated with sensory stimulation, such as receptor adaptation. The current results indicate that balloon distension can serve as a reasonable stimulus in experiments in simplified preparations in which the nervous system can be studied.
Topics: Animals; Aplysia; Chemoreceptor Cells; Digestive System; Feeding Behavior; Hunger; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; Neural Pathways; Satiation
PubMed: 3675521
DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(87)90836-3 -
Physiology & Behavior Nov 2006Amylin is a pancreatic B-cell hormone that plays an important role in the regulation of nutrient fluxes. As such, amylin reduces food intake in laboratory animals and... (Review)
Review
Amylin is a pancreatic B-cell hormone that plays an important role in the regulation of nutrient fluxes. As such, amylin reduces food intake in laboratory animals and man, slows gastric emptying and it reduces postprandial glucagon secretion. Amylin deficiency which occurs concomitantly to insulin deficiency in diabetes mellitus, may therefore contribute to some of the major derangements associated with this disorder (hyperphagia, excessive glucagon secretion, accelerated rate of gastric emptying). The described actions of amylin all seem to depend on a direct effect of amylin on the area postrema (AP). As to amylin's satiating effect, the physiological relevance of this action is underlined by studies involving specific amylin antagonists and amylin-deficient mice. In the AP, amylin seems to modulate the anorectic signal elicited by CCK. Subsequent to AP activation, the amylin signal is conveyed to the forebrain via distinct relay stations. Within the lateral hypothalamic area, amylin diminishes the expression of orexigenic neuropeptides such as orexin and MCH. Whether these effects contribute to amylin's short term satiating action remains to be determined. Recent studies suggest that amylin may also play a role as a long-term, lipostatic signal, especially when other feedback systems to the brain are deficient. Obese, leptin-resistant Zucker rats which are hyperinsulinemic and hyperamylinemic, were chronically infused with the amylin antagonist AC 187. AC 187 significantly elevated food intake in obese Zucker rats while having no effect in lean controls. This indicates that at least under certain conditions, chronic blockade of endogenous amylin action may lead to an increase in food intake and/or body weight. As mentioned, the site and mechanism of action for peripheral amylin to reduce food intake seems to be well established. It is less clear how centrally administered amylin reduces food intake although it is well known that 3rd ventricular administration of amylin produces a very strong and long-lasting anorectic action. Amylin receptors have been described in various hypothalamic nuclei but the endogenous ligand of these receptors remains to be investigated. The same holds true as to the physiological relevance of the anorectic effect seen after central amylin administration.
Topics: Adiposity; Amyloid; Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Appetite Regulation; Eating; Humans; Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Rats; Satiation; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 16697020
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.04.001 -
Medecine Sciences : M/S Dec 2006
Topics: Animals; Calcium-Binding Proteins; DNA-Binding Proteins; Humans; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Nucleobindins; Rats; Satiation
PubMed: 17156724
DOI: 10.1051/medsci/200622121038 -
Physiology & Behavior Mar 2008Food intake is modulated by ingestive (gastrointestinal) and post-ingestive signals; ingested fat is potent to produce short-term satiety (satiation) but this can be...
UNLABELLED
Food intake is modulated by ingestive (gastrointestinal) and post-ingestive signals; ingested fat is potent to produce short-term satiety (satiation) but this can be modified by long-term ingestion of a high fat diet.
AIM
Determine whether altered lipid-induced satiation is dependent on the fat content of the diet, rather than increased caloric density or changes in adiposity.
METHODS
Initial experiments determined the differences in the microstructure of meal patterns in rats fed a high fat diet (HF: 38% fat kcal) and in rats pair-fed an isocaloric, isonitrogenous low fat diet (LF: 10% fat kcal) and changes in meal patterns measured after long-term maintenance on the HF diet.
RESULTS
Rats fed the HF diet had a significant 50% increase in meal frequency compared to rats fed the LF diet; in addition, there was a significant reduction in meal size (32%) and inter meal interval (38%) consistent with induction of satiation. After 8 weeks on the HF diet, these parameters tend to approach those of rats maintained on the LF diet. There was a significant 56% decrease in the activation of neurons in the NTS in response to intragastric gavage of lipid in rats maintained for 8 weeks on the HF compared to LF diet.
CONCLUSION
Dietary fat alters meal patterns consistent with induction of a short-term satiety signal. This signal is attenuated with long-term exposure to dietary lipid, in the absence of ingestion of additional calories or changes in body weight. This adaptation of short-term satiety might contribute to diet-induced obesity.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Body Composition; Eating; Feeding Behavior; Food Preferences; Lipids; Male; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Satiation; Time Factors
PubMed: 18234246
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.12.015