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Deutsches Arzteblatt International Oct 2021Scabies is a skin infestation whose incidence is apparently rising. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Scabies is a skin infestation whose incidence is apparently rising.
METHODS
This review is based on pertinent articles retrieved by a selective search of PubMed on diagnosis and treatment strategies.
RESULTS
Thread-like papules (burrows), new, intense pruritus, and dermatitis guide the suspected diagnosis which is confirmed by the microscopic or dermatoscopic demonstration of scabies mites. The first line therapy is topical application of permethrin, in accordance with the current recommendations for its use. Other treatment options include systemic ivermectin and topical crotamiton or benzyl benzoate. A combination of permethrin and ivermectin is used to treat otherwise intractable cases and is generally indicated for the treatment of crusted scabies. Known causes of treatment failure include improper application of the external agents, failure of repeated treatment with ivermectin, incomplete decontamination of furnishings and clothes, failure to simultaneously treat contact persons, absence of written documents explaining treatment modalities, and the patient's belonging to a risk group. Even though there has not yet been any direct proof of resistance of scabies mites to permethrin, there is a rising number of welldocumented cases of poor response to this agent. Moxidectin is a new substance now undergoing clinical testing.
CONCLUSION
Treatment of scabies according to the guidelines and the additional recommendations reported here should result in effective curing, even in cases that are thought to be intractable.
Topics: Humans; Ivermectin; Permethrin; Pruritus; Scabies
PubMed: 34615594
DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0296 -
Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and... 2021Scabies is globally ubiquitous and is a significant health issue for institutions, the economically disenfranchised, resource-poor areas, and for those with weakened... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Scabies is globally ubiquitous and is a significant health issue for institutions, the economically disenfranchised, resource-poor areas, and for those with weakened immune systems. Topicals are usually effective, but are cumbersome and expensive to use in large populations and for those nonadherent to topicals. Oral ivermectin became available in Canada for the off-label treatment of scabies in the fall 2018.
OBJECTIVES
To review the diagnosis and management of scabies. Dose schedules and concomitant management measures are outlined for scabies simplex and for crusted scabies. Ivermectin use is outlined.
METHODS
Medline, colleague discussions, practice review, and experience from managing scabies in institutions.
RESULTS
Oral ivermectin is safe, easier to use, cheaper, more effective, and more economical than topicals in widespread institutional scabies, for those nonadherent to topicals, and in crusted scabies.
CONCLUSIONS
Oral ivermectin is the treatment of choice in large populations, the nonadherent, and for crusted scabies. Oral ivermectin is produced by Merck Canada as Stromectol 3 mg. The treatment dose for noncrusted scabies is 200 µg/kg, taken in a single dose with food. For example, 15 mg (5 tablets) for a 70 kg person. Retreat in 10-14 days to enhance effectiveness, and perhaps to reduce scabicide resistance.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Oral; Antiparasitic Agents; Humans; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Permethrin; Scabies
PubMed: 32998532
DOI: 10.1177/1203475420960446 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Feb 2022Scabies is a contagious parasitic skin disease caused by Sarcoptes scabiei infestation which can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact. WHO classified... (Review)
Review
Scabies is a contagious parasitic skin disease caused by Sarcoptes scabiei infestation which can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact. WHO classified scabies as a neglected tropical disease. The prevalence of scabies is high in certain countries ranging from 32.1% to 74%, especially in crowded conditions such as prisons, boarding schools, and orphanages. Indonesia is one of the most heavily affected countries worldwide. Scabies might cause great impact on patients, which includes decreased concentration and academic achievement at school, social stigma, sleep disturbances, and decreased economic productivity in community. Management of scabies with anti-scabies needs to be carried out appropriately, accompanied with treatment for all contacts. Mass treatment with permethrin cream or ivermectin can be given directly to patients. Prevention is conducted by providing medical treatment and breaking the chain of transmission. Source elimination and disinfection of fomites is very important. Participation of non-medical personnel such as teachers, cadres, and parents together with the local health workers (primary health care) is highly recommended. Using checklists or application can aid non-medical personnel to determine suspected cases, thus contributing to scabies elimination. Cooperation between patients, patient's family, health workers and other non-medical personnel will greatly reduce the prevalence of scabies and ultimately improve patient's quality of life. The aim of this review is to provide an update on scabies treatment and efforts for prevention and elimination, with focus on the situation in Indonesia.
Topics: Humans; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Permethrin; Quality of Life; Scabies
PubMed: 35298417
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.15222 -
Acta Dermato-venereologica Apr 2020Scabies is one of the most common skin diseases worldwide, affecting 150-200 million people yearly. Scabies affects young children in particular, and has the greatest... (Review)
Review
Scabies is one of the most common skin diseases worldwide, affecting 150-200 million people yearly. Scabies affects young children in particular, and has the greatest impact in poor overcrowded living conditions. The burden of the disease is now well characterized, including group A Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial superinfections, with reports of nephritis, acute rheumatic fever, or fatal invasive sepsis secondary to scabies. Management of scabies remains largely suboptimal from diagnosis to treatment, and progress in the development of new therapeutic measures leading to cure is urgently needed. This review gives an overview of the current limitations in the management of scabies, an update on recent advances, and outlines prospects for potential improvements.
Topics: Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Sarcoptes scabiei; Scabies
PubMed: 32207535
DOI: 10.2340/00015555-3468 -
Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 2019Human scabies, a common infestation, has a worldwide distribution with a variable impact and presentation depending on the clinical situation. In developed, high-income... (Review)
Review
Human scabies, a common infestation, has a worldwide distribution with a variable impact and presentation depending on the clinical situation. In developed, high-income settings, health institution and residential home outbreaks challenge health and social care services. In resource-poor settings, it is the downstream sequelae of staphylococcal and streptococcal bacteraemia, induced by scratching, which have a significant impact on the long-term health of communities. Over the past decade scabies has been recognised as a "neglected tropical disease" (NTD) by the World Health Organisation, has an accepted practical system of global diagnostic criteria and is being adopted into integrated programmes of mass drug administration for NTDs in field settings. This review seeks to summarise the recent advances in the understanding of scabies and highlight the advocacy and research headlines with their implication for diagnosis and management of outbreaks and individuals. In addition, it will indicate the priorities and questions that remain.
Topics: Developed Countries; Developing Countries; Global Burden of Disease; Humans; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Permethrin; Scabies; Skin Diseases, Bacterial
PubMed: 30544123
DOI: 10.1159/000495290 -
The British Journal of Dermatology Nov 2020Scabies is a common parasitic skin condition that causes considerable morbidity globally. Clinical and epidemiological research for scabies has been limited by a lack of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Scabies is a common parasitic skin condition that causes considerable morbidity globally. Clinical and epidemiological research for scabies has been limited by a lack of standardization of diagnostic methods.
OBJECTIVES
To develop consensus criteria for the diagnosis of common scabies that could be implemented in a variety of settings.
METHODS
Consensus diagnostic criteria were developed through a Delphi study with international experts. Detailed recommendations were collected from the expert panel to define the criteria features and guide their implementation. These comments were then combined with a comprehensive review of the available literature and the opinion of an expanded group of international experts to develop detailed, evidence-based definitions and diagnostic methods.
RESULTS
The 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies (IACS) Consensus Criteria for the Diagnosis of Scabies include three levels of diagnostic certainty and eight subcategories. Confirmed scabies (level A) requires direct visualization of the mite or its products. Clinical scabies (level B) and suspected scabies (level C) rely on clinical assessment of signs and symptoms. Evidence-based, consensus methods for microscopy, visualization and clinical symptoms and signs were developed, along with a media library.
CONCLUSIONS
The 2020 IACS Criteria represent a pragmatic yet robust set of diagnostic features and methods. The criteria may be implemented in a range of research, public health and clinical settings by selecting the appropriate diagnostic levels and subcategories. These criteria may provide greater consistency and standardization for scabies diagnosis. Validation studies, development of training materials and development of survey methods are now required. What is already known about this topic? The diagnosis of scabies is limited by the lack of accurate, objective tests. Microscopy of skin scrapings can confirm the diagnosis, but it is insensitive, invasive and often impractical. Diagnosis usually relies on clinical assessment, although visualization using dermoscopy is becoming increasingly common. These diagnostic methods have not been standardized, hampering the interpretation of findings from clinical research and epidemiological surveys, and the development of scabies control strategies. What does this study add? International consensus diagnostic criteria for common scabies were developed through a Delphi study with global experts. The 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies (IACS) Criteria categorize diagnosis at three levels of diagnostic certainty (confirmed, clinical and suspected scabies) and eight subcategories, and can be adapted to a range of research and public health settings. Detailed definitions and figures are included to aid training and implementation. The 2020 IACS Criteria may facilitate the standardization of scabies diagnosis.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Consensus; Humans; Scabies; Skin
PubMed: 32034956
DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18943 -
Medicine May 2023Scabies is a neglected tropical disease that continues to have global impacts and long-term health consequences. It is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabei var. hominis,... (Review)
Review
Scabies is a neglected tropical disease that continues to have global impacts and long-term health consequences. It is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabei var. hominis, which is an obligate ectoparasite that lives in the epidermis of the human skin. Scabies is common in poor communities due to overcrowding in places like old age homes, prisons, and homeless and displaced children. However, developed countries are also susceptible to scabies infestations, such as in institutional outbreaks or small epidemics under war conditions or during natural disasters. The diagnosis of scabies may be assisted by invasive and noninvasive tools; However, the history and examination findings are usually adequate to confirm the clinical suspicion. Here, we present an updated review of scabies by focusing on the diagnostic approaches, treatment, and prevention of scabies.
Topics: Child; Humans; Animals; Scabies; Insecticides; Skin; Epidermis; Disease Outbreaks; Neglected Diseases; Sarcoptes scabiei
PubMed: 37233429
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000033805 -
Dermatologic Therapy Jul 2020Human scabies is a contagious skin infestation caused by the parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. It is a common skin disease worldwide that occurs not only in... (Review)
Review
Human scabies is a contagious skin infestation caused by the parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. It is a common skin disease worldwide that occurs not only in the underprivileged sections of society but also in developed countries. In 2009, World Health Organization (WHO) recognized scabies as "neglected tropical disease (NTD)" or NTD thus emphasizing the need for community awareness and proper treatment strategies. This review attempts to summarize the varied clinical presentation of the disease and describes the advances in diagnosis and management including the ongoing search for novel agents to overcome the problems associated with conventional treatments. The literature research includes peer-reviewed articles (clinical trials or scientific reviews). Studies were identified by searching electronic databases (MEDLINE and PubMed) till February 2020 and reference lists of respective articles. Only articles published in English language were included.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Sarcoptes scabiei; Scabies; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 32484302
DOI: 10.1111/dth.13746 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Oct 2020This article describes a scabies outbreak at a boarding school where failure of the first-line therapy was suspected.
BACKGROUND
This article describes a scabies outbreak at a boarding school where failure of the first-line therapy was suspected.
CASE PRESENTATION
A group of five students, two of whom were room-mates, presented with a varying degree of pruritic papular rash. Repeated treatments with permethrin monitored by the school nurse, in conjunction with a rigorous hygiene regimen, proved to be ineffective. Eventually all five students were prescribed a combination therapy consisting of permethrin and ivermectin. This treatment proved effective in all five students. Despite closely monitored treatment, monotherapy with permethrin failed in all five patients. We discuss whether the lack of response was due to failed application, inability to rid the home environment of mites, reinfection by unidentified infected individuals or increased tolerance to permethrin.
INTERPRETATION
Repeated therapeutic failure when permethrin was used under controlled conditions and documented mechanisms for increased tolerance may indicate the last possibility. We therefore call for additional research on this topic.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Ivermectin; Permethrin; Scabies
PubMed: 33118775
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.20.0095 -
MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin Nov 2023
Review
Topics: Humans; Scabies; Grandparents; Family
PubMed: 37973755
DOI: 10.1007/s15006-023-3041-6