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Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2019Schistosomiasis is a major cause of morbidity in the world; it is second only to malaria as a major infectious disease. Globally, it is estimated that the disease...
Schistosomiasis is a major cause of morbidity in the world; it is second only to malaria as a major infectious disease. Globally, it is estimated that the disease affects over 250 million people in 78 countries of the world and is responsible for some 280,000 deaths each year. The three major schistosomes infecting humans are Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. haematobium. This chapter covers a wide range of aspects of schistosomiasis, including basic biology of the parasites, epidemiology, immunopathology, treatment, control, vaccines, and genomics/proteomics. In this chapter, the reader will understand the significant toll this disease takes in terms of mortality and morbidity. A description of the various life stages of schistosomes is presented, which will be informative for both those unfamiliar with the disease and experienced scientists. Clinical and public health aspects are addressed that cover acute and chronic disease, diagnosis, current treatment regimens and alternative drugs, and schistosomiasis control programs. A brief overview of genomics and proteomics is included that details recent advances in the field that will help scientists investigate the molecular biology of schistosomes. The reader will take away an appreciation for general aspects of schistosomiasis and research advances.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Research; Schistosoma; Schistosomiasis
PubMed: 31297759
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_3 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2014
Review
Topics: Animals; Humans; Phylogeny; Schistosoma; Schistosomiasis; Schistosomicides
PubMed: 24903363
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0915-5_3 -
Acta Tropica Feb 2019Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical parasitic disease caused by the trematode flatworms of the genus Schistosoma, affects approximately 207 million people worldwide.... (Review)
Review
Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical parasitic disease caused by the trematode flatworms of the genus Schistosoma, affects approximately 207 million people worldwide. Among the five main species infecting humans, Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum are responsible for the majority of hepatointestinal schistosomiasis. Human settlements near fresh water sites that lack proper sanitary systems often contribute to the transmission of disease. This risk particularly impacts on travellers or immigrants who come into contact with larvae-contaminated water. This review discusses the central features of schistosomiasis; including clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatments, and the preventive measures available for the control of this disease. The description of the Malaysian schistosome species Schistosoma malayensis and the current status of schistosomiasis in Malaysia including the compilation of cases diagnosed from 1904 to 2015 are also discussed in this paper.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Malaysia; Schistosoma; Schistosomiasis
PubMed: 30448471
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.11.012 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by dioecious blood flukes of the genus and second to malaria as a parasitic disease with significant... (Review)
Review
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by dioecious blood flukes of the genus and second to malaria as a parasitic disease with significant socio-economic impacts. Mating is essential for maturation of male and female schistosomes and for females to lay of eggs, which are responsible for the pathogenesis and propagation of the life cycle beyond the mammalian host. Single-sex schistosomes, which do not produce viable eggs without mating, have been overlooked given the symptomatic paucity of the single-sex schistosomiasis and limited diagnostic toolkit. Besides, single-sex schistosomes are less sensitive to praziquantel. Therefore, these issues should be considered to achieve the elimination of this infection disease. The aim of this review is to summarize current progress in research of single-sex schistosomes and host-parasite interactions.
Topics: Animals; Male; Female; Schistosomiasis; Schistosoma; Praziquantel; Host-Parasite Interactions; Life Cycle Stages; Mammals
PubMed: 37153566
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1158805 -
Trends in Parasitology Jul 2020Despite accelerating progress towards schistosomiasis control in sub-Saharan Africa, several age groups have been eclipsed by current treatment and monitoring strategies... (Review)
Review
Despite accelerating progress towards schistosomiasis control in sub-Saharan Africa, several age groups have been eclipsed by current treatment and monitoring strategies that mainly focus on school-aged children. As schistosomiasis poses a threat to people of all ages, unfortunate gaps exist in current treatment coverage and associated monitoring efforts, preventing subsequent health benefits to preschool-aged children as well as certain adolescents and adults. Expanding access to younger ages through the forthcoming pediatric praziquantel formulation and improving treatment coverage in older ages is essential. This should occur alongside formal inclusion of these groups in large-scale monitoring and evaluation activities. Current omission of these age groups from treatment and monitoring exacerbates health inequities and has long-term consequences for sustainable schistosomiasis control.
Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Age Distribution; Anthelmintics; Humans; Schistosomiasis
PubMed: 32430274
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.04.012 -
MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin Sep 2017
Review
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Administration Schedule; Eosinophilia; Humans; Oxamniquine; Praziquantel; Referral and Consultation; Schistosomiasis; Transients and Migrants; Travel-Related Illness
PubMed: 29468512
DOI: 10.1007/s15006-017-0067-7 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Feb 2018Schistosomiasis affects over 200 million people worldwide, most of whom are children. Research and control strategies directed at preschool-aged children (PSAC), i.e.,... (Review)
Review
Schistosomiasis affects over 200 million people worldwide, most of whom are children. Research and control strategies directed at preschool-aged children (PSAC), i.e., ≤5 years old, have lagged behind those in older children and adults. With the recent WHO revision of the schistosomiasis treatment guidelines to include PSAC, and the recognition of gaps in our current knowledge on the disease and its treatment in this age group, there is now a concerted effort to address these shortcomings. Global and national schistosome control strategies are yet to include PSAC in treatment schedules. Maximum impact of schistosome treatment programmes will be realised through effective treatment of PSAC. In this review, we (i) discuss the current knowledge on the dynamics and consequences of paediatric schistosomiasis and (ii) identify knowledge and policy gaps relevant to these areas and to the successful control of schistosome infection and disease in this age group. Herein, we highlight risk factors, immune mechanisms, pathology, and optimal timing for screening, diagnosis, and treatment of paediatric schistosomiasis. We also discuss the tools required for treating schistosomiasis in PSAC and strategies for accessing them for treatment.
Topics: Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Immunity; Infection Control; Morbidity; Risk Factors; Schistosoma; Schistosomiasis
PubMed: 29420537
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006144 -
Lancet (London, England) Dec 2018
Topics: History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Preventive Health Services; Schistosomiasis
PubMed: 30527408
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)33008-3 -
Nursing Times
Review
Topics: Africa; Anthelmintics; Humans; Praziquantel; Schistosomiasis; Travel
PubMed: 15835329
DOI: No ID Found -
Trends in Parasitology Dec 2023The World Health Organization (WHO) recently proposed a new operational definition which designates communities with ≥10% prevalence of Schistosoma spp. infection as a... (Review)
Review
The World Health Organization (WHO) recently proposed a new operational definition which designates communities with ≥10% prevalence of Schistosoma spp. infection as a persistent hotspot, when, after at least two rounds of high-coverage annual preventive chemotherapy, there is a lack of appropriate reduction. However, inconsistencies and challenges from both biological and operational perspectives remain, making the prescriptive use of this definition difficult. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the use of the term 'hotspot' across schistosomiasis research over time, including both literature searches and opinions from a range of stakeholders, to assess the utility and generalisability of the new WHO definition of a persistent hotspot. Importantly, we propose an updated definition based on our analyses.
Topics: Animals; Praziquantel; Anthelmintics; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosomiasis; Schistosoma mansoni
PubMed: 37806786
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.09.006