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Medical Decision Making : An... Aug 2022Objective numeracy appears to support better medical decisions and health outcomes. The more numerate generally understand and use numbers more and make better medical...
BACKGROUND
Objective numeracy appears to support better medical decisions and health outcomes. The more numerate generally understand and use numbers more and make better medical decisions, including more informed medical choices. Numeric self-efficacy-an aspect of subjective numeracy that is also known as numeric confidence-also relates to decision making via emotional reactions to and inferences from experienced difficulty with numbers and via persistence linked with numeric comprehension and healthier behaviors over time. Furthermore, it moderates the effects of objective numeracy on medical outcomes.
PURPOSE
We briefly review the numeracy and decision-making literature and then summarize more recent literature on 3 separable effects of numeric self-efficacy. Although dual-process theories can account for the generally superior decision making of the highly numerate, they have neglected effects of numeric self-efficacy. We discuss implications for medical decision-making (MDM) research and practice. Finally, we propose a modification to dual-process theories, adding a "motivational mind" to integrate the effects of numeric self-efficacy on decision-making processes (i.e., inferences from experienced difficulty with numbers, greater persistence, and greater use of objective-numeracy skills) important to high-quality MDM.
CONCLUSIONS
The power of numeric self-efficacy (confidence) has been little considered in MDM, but many medical decisions and behaviors require persistence to be successful over time (e.g., comprehension, medical-recommendation adherence). Including numeric self-efficacy in research and theorizing will increase understanding of MDM and promote development of better decision interventions.
HIGHLIGHTS
Research demonstrates that objective numeracy supports better medical decisions and health outcomes.The power of numeric self-efficacy (aka numeric confidence) has been little considered but appears critical to emotional reactions and inferences that patients and others make when encountering numeric information (e.g., in decision aids) and to greater persistence in medical decision-making tasks involving numbers.The present article proposes a novel modification to dual-process theory to account for newer findings and to describe how numeracy mechanisms can be better understood.Because being able to adapt interventions to improve medical decisions depends in part on having a good theory, future research should incorporate numeric self-efficacy into medical decision-making theories and interventions.
Topics: Clinical Decision-Making; Decision Making; Health Behavior; Humans; Motivation; Self Efficacy
PubMed: 35583117
DOI: 10.1177/0272989X221099904 -
The Journal of Applied Psychology May 2020We present a dynamic account of self-efficacy in entrepreneurship that integrates social-cognitive and control theory. According to our dynamic account, variability in...
We present a dynamic account of self-efficacy in entrepreneurship that integrates social-cognitive and control theory. According to our dynamic account, variability in self-efficacy energizes action because it involves self-motivation and discrepancy perception as competing motivational processes. We argue that variability and the average level in self-efficacy nascent entrepreneurs display over time support the enactment of entrepreneurial intentions and predict business ownership. The proposed positive effect of variability further implies an inverted u-shaped relationship between self-efficacy at a single point in time and business ownership. To test these hypotheses, we repeatedly assessed entrepreneurial self-efficacy of nascent African entrepreneurs during a 12-week entrepreneurship training program (total = 241). Twelve months later, we assessed business ownership (total = 190). We found that variability and the average level in entrepreneurial self-efficacy participants displayed during the training program were positively related to business ownership. Furthermore, for participants with strong entrepreneurial intentions, we found an inverted u-shaped relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy after the training program and business ownership. The study suggests that social-cognitive and control theory highlight different facets of self-regulation that both need to be accounted for to explain goal achievement in entrepreneurship. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Achievement; Adult; Entrepreneurship; Goals; Humans; Self Efficacy; Self-Control
PubMed: 31535872
DOI: 10.1037/apl0000451 -
Journal of Continuing Education in... May 2023Few studies have examined the experiences of critical care nurses in caring for critically ill obstetric patients; however, preliminary evidence indicates low...
Few studies have examined the experiences of critical care nurses in caring for critically ill obstetric patients; however, preliminary evidence indicates low self-efficacy among nurses. This quasi-experimental pre-/posttest study explored changes in self-efficacy after the provision of real-time education to critical care nurses. There was an increase in self-reported scores after participation in the professional development program, showing that a single education session has an impact on nursing perceived self-efficacy in the care of this patient population. .
Topics: Humans; Self Efficacy; Critical Care; Educational Status
PubMed: 37134319
DOI: 10.3928/00220124-20230405-05 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2023The present research proposal focuses on the search for the relation-ship between self-efficacy in mathematics, performance in mathematical tests, cognitive function...
The present research proposal focuses on the search for the relation-ship between self-efficacy in mathematics, performance in mathematical tests, cognitive function during solving mathematical problems, and characteristics of the participants. The purpose of this study is to clarify the role of neurocognitive findings in the interpretation of perceived mathematical self-efficacy and, in addition, to investigate to what extent can neurophysiological data complement findings from socio-cognitive research and thus enrich general cognitive theories for mathematics education. The proposed research will use data from different datasets (questionnaire, neurophysiological, and biometric measurements). For the EEG measures the MUSE 2 portable EEG system will be used. The proposed study attempts to investigate (a) if there is a correlation between overall math self-efficacy scores and brain function during math problem-solving, (b) if there is a correlation between high self-efficacy and high math test performance, and (c) how math self-efficacy relates to participants' demographic characteristics and perceived math self-efficacy before and after the experiment.
Topics: Humans; Self Efficacy; Cognition; Problem Solving; Electroencephalography; Mathematics
PubMed: 37486485
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-31982-2_12 -
BMC Medical Education Oct 2020In a whole-of-system approach to evaluation of teaching across any degree, multiple sources of information can help develop an educators' understanding of their teaching...
BACKGROUND
In a whole-of-system approach to evaluation of teaching across any degree, multiple sources of information can help develop an educators' understanding of their teaching quality. In the health professions, student evaluations of clinical teaching are commonplace. However, self-evaluation of teaching is less common, and exploration of clinical educators' self-efficacy even less so. The aim of the study was to evaluate how a clinical educator's self-evaluation of teaching intersects with their self-efficacy, to ascertain if that matches student evaluation of their teaching. This information may assist in facilitating targeted professional development to improve teaching quality.
METHODS
Clinical educators in the osteopathy program at Victoria University (VU) were invited to complete: a) self-evaluation version of the Osteopathy Clinical Teaching Questionnaire (OCTQ); and b) the Self-Efficacy in Clinical Teaching (SECT) questionnaire. Students in the VU program completed the OCTQ for each of the clinical educators they worked with during semester 2, 2017.
RESULTS
Completed OCTQ and SECT were received from 37 clinical educators. These were matched with 308 student evaluations (mean of 6 student ratings per educator). Three possible educator cohorts were identified: a) high clinical eductor self-OCTQ with low student evaluation; b) low clinical educator self-evaluation and high student evaluations; and, c) no difference between self- and student evaulations. Clinical educators in the first cohort demonstrated significantly higher SECT subscale scores (effect size > 0.42) than their colleagues. Age, gender, teaching qualification, and years practicing or years as a clinical educator were not associated with clinical educator OCTQ scores or the SECT subscales.
CONCLUSIONS
Targeted professional development directed towards fostering self-efficacy may provide an avenue for engaging those clinical educators whose self-efficacy is low and/or those who did not receive high student evaluations. Given there is no gold standard measure of clinical teaching quality, educators should engage with multiple sources of feedback to benchmark their current performance level, and identify opportunities to improve. Student and self-evaluations using the OCTQ and evaluation of self-efficacy using the SECT, are useful tools for inclusion in a whole-of-system approach to evaluation of the clinical learning environment.
Topics: Curriculum; Diagnostic Self Evaluation; Educational Personnel; Humans; Self Efficacy; Students; Teaching
PubMed: 33032596
DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02278-z -
PeerJ 2022Soccer referees (SRs) are exposed to stressful situations during the competition that can affect decision-making, could be affected by impulsivity during the competition...
Soccer referees (SRs) are exposed to stressful situations during the competition that can affect decision-making, could be affected by impulsivity during the competition and therefore, require optimal psychological skills. The objective of this study was to ascertain and analyze the relationship between levels of impulsivity and self-efficacy of amateur SRs in the senior category. A total of 21 Spanish SRs participated in this study (age 23.57 ± 2.40 years and 7.81 ± 2.58 seasons of experience). Self-efficacy data were collected with the REFS questionnaire between 48 and 72 h before the competition. The impulsivity data were collected using the UPPS-P questionnaire 60 min before the start the competition. The results indicate that SRs with higher self-efficacy have lower levels of impulsivity, specifically in the dimensions of negative urgency ( < 0.01), positive urgency ( < 0.05), lack of premeditation ( < 0.001), and lack of perseverance ( < 0.001), as well as lower global impulsivity ( < 0.01). However, the SRs with the highest self-efficacy also obtained higher levels in the sensation seeking dimension ( < 0.05). In conclusion, the main finding of this study showed that self-efficacy is influenced by SR impulsivity prior to competition. These novel facts allow us to discover aspects related to decision-making in refereeing that can be trained to reach optimal levels.
Topics: Self Efficacy; Soccer; Impulsive Behavior; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 35265401
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13058 -
Journal of Clinical Nursing Jan 2023To explore the association between self-efficacy and self-management by modelling three types of social support as mediators among stroke high-risk populations.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To explore the association between self-efficacy and self-management by modelling three types of social support as mediators among stroke high-risk populations.
BACKGROUND
Self-efficacy and social support (i.e. objective support, subjective support and support utilisation) are important for self-management among stroke high-risk populations. Self-efficacy activates three types of social support, and the effect of social support on self-management varies by types among chronic patients. Therefore, social support may act as a mediator between self-efficacy and self-management, and the mediating role may vary by types of social support. Disentangling the role of these different types of social support can guide tailored interventions.
DESIGN
A cross-sectional study.
METHODS
This study was conducted among 448 Chinese adults at high risk for stroke. Self-efficacy, self-management and social support were assessed using the Self-Efficacy Scale, the Stroke Self-management Scale and the Social Support Rating Scale respectively. The PROCESS SPSS Macro version 3.3, model 4 was used to explore the mediating role of different types of social support in the relationship between self-efficacy and self-management. This study followed STROBE checklist for cross-sectional studies (Appendix S1).
RESULTS
Self-efficacy improved three types of social support, and subjective support and support utilisation promoted self-management, but objective support hindered self-management. The specific indirect effect of objective support and subjective support was significant but not that of support utilisation. Objective support, subjective support and support utilisation attenuated the total effect of self-efficacy on self-management by -23.8%, 23.8% and 7.7% respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Mediating effect of social support in the relationship between self-efficacy and self-management varies by type, and the positive effect of subjective support is offset by the detrimental effect of objective support.
RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
Among stroke high-risk populations, interventions should target objective support and subjective support as well as self-efficacy to efficiently improve their self-management.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Self Efficacy; Self-Management; Cross-Sectional Studies; Social Support; Stroke
PubMed: 34981582
DOI: 10.1111/jocn.16191 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2021Teacher job satisfaction and well-being have a significant impact on educational outcomes, considering that teaching is the main objective of the educational process....
Teacher job satisfaction and well-being have a significant impact on educational outcomes, considering that teaching is the main objective of the educational process. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between teacher job satisfaction and four main categories of determinants: self-efficacy, relational aspects (colleague collaboration, student behavior, school management), work-related aspects (administrative workload, teaching tasks), and working conditions, in order to identify various implications for teachers' well-being. The study employs a survey delivered to 658 K-12 (pre-university) teachers, from the North-West region of Romania. We used factorial analysis and a structural equation model to test eight proposed hypotheses. The results showed that self-efficacy, promotion, positive student behavior, and working conditions have significant effects on job satisfaction. These factors influence job satisfaction and well-being in the teaching profession because they ensure a positive work environment in which teachers and students thrive, thus leading to higher levels of involvement from teachers, students, and parents alike. An efficient work environment decreases attrition, burnout, emotional exhaustion, and teacher turnover, while increasing job satisfaction, well-being, and teacher retention.
Topics: Burnout, Professional; Educational Personnel; Humans; Job Satisfaction; Self Efficacy; Students
PubMed: 34886493
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312763 -
Memory & Cognition Aug 2022Retrieval practice effect refers to improved memory on a final test for information retrieved one or more times. Although past theoretical work identifies cognitive...
Retrieval practice effect refers to improved memory on a final test for information retrieved one or more times. Although past theoretical work identifies cognitive mechanisms to explain retrieval practice benefits, it is possible that improving self-efficacy during learning may also contribute to better memory, in line with limited past work showing a relationship between self-efficacy and memory. Across two experiments, we examine the potential relationship between retrieval practice, self-efficacy, and memory. In Experiment 1, we examined the extent change in self-efficacy accounted for improved memory on a final test after retrieval practice compared with restudy. In Experiment 2, we gave participants (false) feedback that was either negative (i.e., you performed worse than others), neutral (i.e., you performed the same as others), or positive (i.e., you performed better than others) to more directly assess the effects of self-efficacy on memory under retrieval practice conditions. Results of Experiment 1 showed a significant retrieval practice effect, with memory on the final test being better after retrieval practice compared with restudy. Self-efficacy did not significantly mediate the retrieval practice effect. Results of Experiment 2, however, showed that decreases in self-efficacy due to (false) negative feedback resulted in worse memory performance compared with neutral feedback. Such findings may suggest that change in self-efficacy after retrieval practice attempts, particularly negative feedback, affects memory at final test. Overall, these findings suggest a relationship between retrieval practice, self-efficacy, and memory, and imply that interventions that influence self-efficacy may be a plausible mechanism to modulate memory under some conditions.
Topics: Cognition; Humans; Learning; Mental Recall; Self Efficacy
PubMed: 35668292
DOI: 10.3758/s13421-022-01324-z -
Disability and Rehabilitation Jul 2020Describe the change in self-efficacy after a supported osteoarthritis self-management program. An observational register-based study comprising 11 906 patients.... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
Describe the change in self-efficacy after a supported osteoarthritis self-management program. An observational register-based study comprising 11 906 patients. Participants with hip or knee osteoarthritis self-reported at baseline, 3 and 12 months. Self-efficacy for pain and other symptoms were assessed with the Arthritis Self-efficacy Scale. Change was analyzed using a mixed-effect model for repeated measurements. In total, 9440 (pain subscale) and 9361 (symptom subscale) patients reported self-efficacy scores at baseline and at least one follow-up. The lowest self-efficacy at baseline was reported by patients with low education, walking difficulties, comorbidity and low physical activity level. Overall, the self-efficacy scores improved at the 3-month follow-up and returned to baseline at the 12-month follow-up. Younger age (pain and symptom subscales) and exercise (pain subscale) were associated with a greater increase in self-efficacy. Obesity (pain subscale) and hip problems (pain and symptom subscales) were associated with lower self-efficacy at baseline and a greater decrease at follow-up. Self-efficacy was related to the level of education, physical activity, mobility, and comorbidity. In addition, hip problems or obesity were associated with greater difficulties in enhancing or maintaining self-efficacy. An increased focus on patients with hip problems or obesity might help to improve outcomes after supported self-management programs for osteoarthritis.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONSelf-efficacy increased more in younger patients and in those who opted for exercise as part of the intervention, which indicates that offering supported self-management early in the course of the disease might be important.Lower self-efficacy at baseline and reduced beliefs about their ability to manage pain indicate that patients with hip OA or obesity may need to be given a special focus by healthcare.Self-efficacy in managing pain and other symptoms seemed to increase after a supported self-management osteoarthritis program, but was not maintained at the 12-month follow-up, indicating that more on-going support might be needed to maintain self-efficacy.
Topics: Exercise; Exercise Therapy; Humans; Osteoarthritis, Hip; Osteoarthritis, Knee; Self Efficacy; Self-Management
PubMed: 30686131
DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1555616