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Pediatric Cardiology Apr 2010The heart forms as a linear heart tube that loops and septates to produce a mature four-chambered structure. The single vessel emerging from the embryonic heart, the... (Review)
Review
The heart forms as a linear heart tube that loops and septates to produce a mature four-chambered structure. The single vessel emerging from the embryonic heart, the truncus arteriosus, divides into the aorta and the pulmonary artery as part of this septation process, and a series of additional morphogenetic events result in the proper alignment and orientation of the cardiac outflow tract. Recent evidence indicates that this process involves the complex interactions of multiple cell types including primary and secondary heart fields, neural crest, pharyngeal mesenchyme, endoderm, and endothelium. Among the many signals that mediate tissue-tissue interactions during the formation of the outflow tract, we have focused on the role of the Notch signaling pathway. Here, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of Notch-mediated regulation of cardiac development with specific attention to the formation of the cardiac outflow tract.
Topics: Endoderm; Heart; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Mesoderm; Morphogenesis; Myocardium; Neural Crest; Receptor, Notch1; Receptors, Notch; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 20039033
DOI: 10.1007/s00246-009-9611-2 -
Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences... 2016Stout camphor tree (Cinnamomum kanehirae Hay.) is an endemic specie in Taiwan and cutting is the major propagation of C. kanehirae for plantation. Mycorrhiza can...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Stout camphor tree (Cinnamomum kanehirae Hay.) is an endemic specie in Taiwan and cutting is the major propagation of C. kanehirae for plantation. Mycorrhiza can accelerate the growth of the host plant, especially in root of the host plant. The objective of this study was to investigate the growth effect of the 2 dark septate endophytes isolated from C. kanehirae.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
To measure the effects of stains CkDB2 and CkDB5 on growth performance of cuttings, the cuttings were carefully removed from their substrate after 9 months of incubation. Each treatment had three replicates.
RESULTS
After 9 month incubation, the mycorrhizal synthesis experiment showed that the roots of synthesized cuttings produced microsclerotia, a characteristic of dark septate endophyte, but nothing was found in the control. All inoculated cuttings had higher values of net height growth, dry weight, leaf area and chlorophyll concentration than the control.
CONCLUSION
This study demonstrated that the 2 endophytes, strains CkDB2 and CkDB5, capable of forming microsclerotia with C. kanehirae cuttings were dark septate endophytes. Based on the results, CkDB5 had a better growth response than CkDB2. Cuttings inoculated with CkDB5 showed a 200% increase in the root dry weight and therefore, CkDB5 could presumably be a prerequisite for the survival of C. kanehirae cutting plantation.
Topics: Chlorophyll; Cinnamomum; Endophytes; Plant Leaves; Plant Roots; Symbiosis; Time Factors
PubMed: 29023031
DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2016.299.305 -
Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular... 2024Ventricular septation of the double-inlet ventricle is a largely abandoned operation due to poor historical outcomes. However, there has been renewed interest in... (Review)
Review
Ventricular septation of the double-inlet ventricle is a largely abandoned operation due to poor historical outcomes. However, there has been renewed interest in septation as an alternative to Fontan palliation given its long-term sequelae. As one of the few centers to revisit septation in the early 1990s, our institution has long-term data on a series of patients with a double-inlet ventricle who underwent biventricular repair. This manuscript is a summary of our approach to staged septation of the double-inlet ventricle, with a focus on patient selection criteria, surgical techniques, perioperative considerations on timing of interventions, and long-term results. We believe that septation of the double-inlet ventricle should be reconsidered in patients with suitable anatomy in light of the known complications of Fontan palliation.
Topics: Humans; Heart Ventricles; Bays; Ventricular Septum; Univentricular Heart; Fontan Procedure
PubMed: 38522878
DOI: 10.1053/j.pcsu.2024.01.001 -
Journal of Surgical Case Reports Apr 2024Mullerian anomalies occur as a result of errors during embryogenesis. The estimated incidence of these anomalies is around 1% in the general population and 3% in women...
Mullerian anomalies occur as a result of errors during embryogenesis. The estimated incidence of these anomalies is around 1% in the general population and 3% in women complaining of suboptimal reproductive outcomes and infertility. A 21-year-old female patient was referred to our hospital due to primary infertility for 18 months. After a proper history, physical examination and further diagnostic steps, including ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, a diagnosis of complete septate uterus with septate cervix and longitudinal vaginal septum was made. Following hysteroscopic resection of all the septa and two cycles of ovulation induction, the patient was able to conceive. However, she needed cervical cerclage later due to cervical insufficiency. The baby was delivered at term and was healthy. A uterine, cervical and longitudinal vaginal septum is a unique entity of Mullerian anomalies. Resection of all septa through a hysteroscopic approach resulted in a good outcome for our patient.
PubMed: 38638926
DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjae238 -
Genetics Jul 2010The vertebrate tight junction is a critical claudin-based cell-cell junction that functions to prevent free paracellular diffusion between epithelial cells. In...
The vertebrate tight junction is a critical claudin-based cell-cell junction that functions to prevent free paracellular diffusion between epithelial cells. In Drosophila, this barrier is provided by the septate junction, which, despite being ultrastructurally distinct from the vertebrate tight junction, also contains the claudin-family proteins Megatrachea and Sinuous. Here we identify a third Drosophila claudin, Kune-kune, that localizes to septate junctions and is required for junction organization and paracellular barrier function, but not for apical-basal polarity. In the tracheal system, septate junctions have a barrier-independent function that promotes lumenal secretion of Vermiform and Serpentine, extracellular matrix modifier proteins that are required to restrict tube length. As with Sinuous and Megatrachea, loss of Kune-kune prevents this secretion and results in overly elongated tubes. Embryos lacking all three characterized claudins have tracheal phenotypes similar to any single mutant, indicating that these claudins act in the same pathway controlling tracheal tube length. However, we find that there are distinct requirements for these claudins in epithelial septate junction formation. Megatrachea is predominantly required for correct localization of septate junction components, while Sinuous is predominantly required for maintaining normal levels of septate junction proteins. Kune-kune is required for both localization and levels. Double- and triple-mutant combinations of Sinuous and Megatrachea with Kune-kune resemble the Kune-kune single mutant, suggesting that Kune-kune has a more central role in septate junction formation than either Sinuous or Megatrachea.
Topics: Amidohydrolases; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Claudins; Drosophila Proteins; Drosophila melanogaster; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Extracellular Matrix; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Intercellular Junctions; Membrane Proteins; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Tight Junctions; Trachea
PubMed: 20407131
DOI: 10.1534/genetics.110.114959 -
AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology Apr 1989Sonography was used to study the site of uterine implantation of 12 pregnancies in eight patients with complete septation of the uterus. The purpose was to determine the...
Sonography was used to study the site of uterine implantation of 12 pregnancies in eight patients with complete septation of the uterus. The purpose was to determine the incidence of septal implantation in these patients and its relation to the outcome of the pregnancies. The live-birth rate in the 12 pregnancies was 33%. Three pregnancies (25%) went to term and ended in live neonates. One (8%) resulted in a premature delivery and the neonate survived. Eight (67%) ended in abortion. Sonograms showed that in all four pregnancies that were not aborted, implantation was in the lateral wall of the uterus. In comparison, in the eight pregnancies that terminated in abortion, implantation was septal in six, mixed in one, and undetermined in one. Our experience with this small group of patients suggests that pregnancies in septate uteri have a poor prognosis and that abortion is related to septal implantation.
Topics: Adult; Embryo Implantation; Female; Humans; Mullerian Ducts; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Prognosis; Ultrasonography; Uterus
PubMed: 2646869
DOI: 10.2214/ajr.152.4.781 -
Journal of Cell Science Jul 1983Using modifications of techniques used for the isolation of macula type intercellular junctions (gap junctions and desmosomes) the arthropod smooth septate junction has...
Using modifications of techniques used for the isolation of macula type intercellular junctions (gap junctions and desmosomes) the arthropod smooth septate junction has been isolated from insect midgut tissue. Midguts from cockroaches or mealworms were used and membrane fractions were obtained by sucrose gradient and ultracentrifugation techniques. Preparations with reasonable concentrations of septate junction were obtained and have been studied by thin-section, negative-stain and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The junctions appeared to be well preserved, although there was evidence that the junction strands were able to slide within the plane of the membrane. Septa were seen to have a cross-striated appearance when viewed after negative staining but their exact structure remained difficult to determine. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic studies demonstrated the reproducibility of the isolation procedure and showed that septa may have a 47 000 molecular weight glycoprotein component. Gel electrophoresis also gave some indication of the intramembrane biochemistry of the smooth septate junction, with proteins of 31 000 and 32 000 molecular weight always occurring in the junction fractions. The junctions were, however, very sensitive to both mechanical and chemical treatments, the septa were destroyed by rough homogenization or by treatment with urea at a concentration as low as 1 M. Freeze-fracture of untreated, isolated junctions demonstrated no differences from junctions in intact tissue, while replicas of urea-treated material were more difficult to interpret as the component parts of the junctions became separated once the septa had been destroyed. Gap junctions were also obtained and resisted both mechanical and chemical treatment, which destroyed the septate junctions. Their major protein component appeared to have a molecular weight of 36 000. Attempts to isolate pleated septate junctions (from insects, molluscs and annelids) by the same techniques failed, implying a significant difference in the structures of the two types of septate junction.
Topics: Animals; Cell Fractionation; Cockroaches; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Freeze Fracturing; Glycoproteins; Intercellular Junctions; Intestines; Microscopy, Electron; Molecular Weight; Tenebrio
PubMed: 6619209
DOI: 10.1242/jcs.62.1.351 -
BMC Cell Biology Jul 2008A complex of three cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) Neurexin IV(Nrx IV), Contactin (Cont) and Neuroglian (Nrg) is implicated in the formation of septate junctions between...
BACKGROUND
A complex of three cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) Neurexin IV(Nrx IV), Contactin (Cont) and Neuroglian (Nrg) is implicated in the formation of septate junctions between epithelial cells in Drosophila. These CAMs are interdependent for their localization at septate junctions and e.g. null mutation of nrx IV or cont induces the mislocalization of Nrg to the baso-lateral membrane. These mutations also result in ultrastructural alteration of the strands of septate junctions and breakdown of the paracellular barrier. Varicose (Vari) and Coracle (Cora), that both interact with the cytoplasmic tail of Nrx IV, are scaffolding molecules required for the formation of septate junctions.
RESULTS
We conducted photobleaching experiments on whole living Drosophila embryos to analyze the membrane mobility of CAMs at septate junctions between epithelial cells. We show that GFP-tagged Nrg and Nrx IV molecules exhibit very stable association with septate junctions in wild-type embryos. Nrg-GFP is mislocalized to the baso-lateral membrane in nrx IV or cont null mutant embryos, and displays increased mobile fraction. Similarly, Nrx IV-GFP becomes distributed to the baso-lateral membrane in null mutants of vari and cora, and its mobile fraction is strongly increased. The loss of Vari, a MAGUK protein that interacts with the cytoplasmic tail of Nrx IV, has a stronger effect than the null mutation of nrx IV on the lateral mobility of Nrg-GFP.
CONCLUSION
The strands of septate junctions display a stable behavior in vivo that may be correlated with their role of paracellular barrier. The membrane mobility of CAMs is strongly limited when they take part to the multimolecular complex forming septate junctions. This restricted lateral diffusion of CAMs depends on both adhesive interactions and clustering by scaffolding molecules. The lateral mobility of CAMs is strongly increased in embryos presenting alteration of septate junctions. The stronger effect of vari by comparison with nrx IV null mutation supports the hypothesis that this scaffolding molecule may cross-link different types of CAMs and play a crucial role in stabilizing the strands of septate junctions.
Topics: Animals; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Membrane; Contactins; Drosophila; Drosophila Proteins; Epithelial Cells; Guanylate Cyclase; Intercellular Junctions; Membrane Proteins; Models, Biological; Photobleaching; Recombinant Fusion Proteins
PubMed: 18638384
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-9-38 -
Advances in Genetics 2013Hyphae of the Ascomycota are tubular cells compartmentalized by perforated septa, whose central pore allows the flow of organelles and cytoplasm. While in plants and... (Review)
Review
Hyphae of the Ascomycota are tubular cells compartmentalized by perforated septa, whose central pore allows the flow of organelles and cytoplasm. While in plants and yeast septation leads to cell separation, in filamentous fungi the formation of crosswalls appears to have an architectural role, limits the extent of mechanical damage thus maintaining hyphal integrity, and also is of fundamental importance as part of cell differentiation. The increasing number of available fungal genome sequences, knockout mutants, versatile tools for protein tagging, and the continuous improvement of fluorescence microscopes have allowed scientists to analyze living cells and reveal the molecular and cellular basis of septation with unprecedented detail. This review summarizes the recent advances in septum ontogenesis in Neurospora crassa. A "septal actomyosin tangle" is the first indication of impending septation. It assembles prior to any visible evidence of plasma membrane inward growth, which occurs concomitantly with the formation and constriction of a contractile actomyosin ring and synthesis of the septum wall. One of the key questions in septum biogenesis is how the septation machinery is assembled to construct a centripetally growing crosswall. Most of the machinery utilized in apical cell wall growth can be expected at septation sites to ensure an organized arrival and supply of vesicles leading to the formation of a septum. Yet, the intrinsically different architecture of the septum may require a different organization and regulation of the wall-synthesizing machinery.
Topics: Actin Cytoskeleton; Biological Transport; Cell Wall; Fungal Proteins; Hyphae; Neurospora crassa
PubMed: 23890213
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-407675-4.00003-1 -
Journal of Contemporary Brachytherapy Oct 2017A 33-year-old premenopausal multiparous woman with the history of septate uterus was referred to the hospital with menorrhagia and inter-menstrual bleeding occurring for...
A 33-year-old premenopausal multiparous woman with the history of septate uterus was referred to the hospital with menorrhagia and inter-menstrual bleeding occurring for the last 6 months. Work-up revealed a stage IIB cervical cancer. The patient underwent curative chemo/radiotherapy. The patient's septate uterus presented several difficulties during application. Brachytherapy was applied using standard computed tomography-compatible tandem and ovoids. The high-risk clinical target volume (HR-CTV), intermediate risk CTV, and organs at risk were contoured according to the Groupe Européen de Curiethérapie - European Society for Radiology and Oncology (GEC-ESTRO) guidelines. Treatment was performed via 3-dimensional high-dose-rate technique with Ir, with brachytherapy dose of 28 Gy in 4 fractions/7 Gy each, prescribed to the HR-CTV. Treatment was well tolerated with manageable acute toxicities. To the best of our knowledge, the current case is the second case of septate uterus with locally advanced cervical carcinoma. Due to the lack of guidelines about brachytherapy applications in patients with uterine anomaly and owing to the anatomical anomaly, brachytherapy application is challenging in this patients population.
PubMed: 29204170
DOI: 10.5114/jcb.2017.70996