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International Journal of Nanomedicine 2020Nanotechnology has recently emerged as a rapidly growing field with numerous biomedical science applications. At the same time, silver has been adopted as an... (Review)
Review
Nanotechnology has recently emerged as a rapidly growing field with numerous biomedical science applications. At the same time, silver has been adopted as an antimicrobial material and disinfectant that is relatively free of adverse effects. Silver nanoparticles possess a broad spectrum of antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Silver nanoparticles have the ability to penetrate bacterial cell walls, changing the structure of cell membranes and even resulting in cell death. Their efficacy is due not only to their nanoscale size but also to their large ratio of surface area to volume. They can increase the permeability of cell membranes, produce reactive oxygen species, and interrupt replication of deoxyribonucleic acid by releasing silver ions. Researchers have studied silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents in dentistry. For instance, silver nanoparticles can be incorporated into acrylic resins for fabrication of removable dentures in prosthetic treatment, composite resin in restorative treatment, irrigating solution and obturation material in endodontic treatment, adhesive materials in orthodontic treatment, membrane for guided tissue regeneration in periodontal treatment, and titanium coating in dental implant treatment. Although not all authorities have acknowledged the safety of silver nanoparticles, no systemic toxicity of ingested silver nanoparticles has been reported. A broad concern is their potential hazard if they are released into the environment. However, the interaction of nanoparticles with toxic materials and organic compounds can either increase or reduce their toxicity. This paper provides an overview of the antibacterial use of silver nanoparticles in dentistry, highlighting their antibacterial mechanism, potential applications and safety in clinical treatment.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dentistry; Humans; Metal Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology; Silver
PubMed: 32368040
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S246764 -
Advanced Healthcare Materials Jul 2018The increase of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has become a major concern for successful diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Over the past few decades,... (Review)
Review
The increase of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has become a major concern for successful diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Over the past few decades, significant progress has been achieved on the development of nanotechnology-based medicines for combating multidrug resistance in microorganisms. Among this, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) hold great promise in addressing this challenge due to their broad-spectrum and robust antimicrobial properties. This review illustrates the antibacterial mechanisms of silver nanoparticles and further elucidates how different structural factors including surface chemistry, size, and shape, impact their antibacterial activities, which are expected to promote the future development of more potent silver nanoparticle-based antibacterial agents.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Metal Nanoparticles; Oxidative Stress; Silver; Structure-Activity Relationship; Surface Properties
PubMed: 29808627
DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701503 -
Advanced Healthcare Materials Oct 2023Bacterial infection caused by biomaterials is a very serious problem in the clinical treatment of implants. The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted other... (Review)
Review
Bacterial infection caused by biomaterials is a very serious problem in the clinical treatment of implants. The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted other antibacterial agents to replace traditional antibiotics. Silver is rapidly developing as an antibacterial candidate material to inhibit bone infections due to its significant advantages such as high antibacterial timeliness, high antibacterial efficiency, and less susceptibility to bacterial resistance. However, silver has strong cytotoxicity, which can cause inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress, thereby destroying tissue regeneration, making the application of silver-containing biomaterials extremely challenging. In this paper, the application of silver in biomaterials is reviewed, focusing on the following three issues: 1) how to ensure the excellent antibacterial properties of silver, and not easy to cause bacterial resistance; 2) how to choose the appropriate method to combine silver with biomaterials; 3) how to make silver-containing biomaterials in hard tissue implants have further research. Following a brief introduction, the discussion focuses on the application of silver-containing biomaterials, with an emphasis on the effects of silver on the physicochemical properties, structural properties, and biological properties of biomaterials. Finally, the review concludes with the authors' perspectives on the challenges and future directions of silver in commercialization and in-depth research.
Topics: Humans; Biocompatible Materials; Silver; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Prostheses and Implants
PubMed: 37300754
DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300932 -
Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and... 2018Development of biologically inspired green synthesis of silver nanoparticles has attracted considerable worldwide attention in matter of medical science and disease... (Review)
Review
Development of biologically inspired green synthesis of silver nanoparticles has attracted considerable worldwide attention in matter of medical science and disease treatment. Herein, the green synthesis of silver nanomaterials using organic green sources has been evaluated and discussed. These kinds of materials are widely used for treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, cancer and etc due to their elegant properties compared with other chemical ways and drugs. Moreover, the outcome of green-based approaches were compared with chemical procedures and obtained data were examined via various analyses including UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscope (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). In this study, variety of green methods were investigated to present a summary of recent achievements toward highlighting biocompatible nanoparticles, all of which can reduce the toxicity of nanoparticles, make them eco-friendly, reduce their side effects and decrease the production cost. The nature of these biological organisms also affect the structure, shape, size and morphology of synthesized nanoparticles.
Topics: Animals; Green Chemistry Technology; Humans; Metal Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Silver
PubMed: 30328732
DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1517769 -
Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and... 2018Silver nanoparticles are particles in the size ranging between 1 and 100 nm. The two major methods used for synthesis of silver nanoparticle are the physical and... (Review)
Review
Silver nanoparticles are particles in the size ranging between 1 and 100 nm. The two major methods used for synthesis of silver nanoparticle are the physical and chemical methods with the disadvantage that they are expensive and can also have toxicity. Biological method is being used as an expedient alternative, as this approach is environment-friendly and less toxic and it includes plant extracts, microorganism, fungi, etc. The major applications of silver nanoparticles in the medical field include diagnostic applications and therapeutic applications, apart from its antimicrobial activity. Due to their nanotoxicity, AgNPs have a several drawbacks too. This review presents a complete view of the mechanism of action, synthesis, the pharmacokinetics of silver nanoparticles, different formulations of AgNPs used in biomedical applications, infertility management, antibacterial effects, skin damage, burns, cancer treatment, etc. and various applications of silver nanoparticles together with the possible toxicological challenge.
Topics: Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Metal Nanoparticles; Silver; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 29231755
DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1414825 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2020Since the identification of the first human coronavirus in the 1960s, a total of six coronaviruses that are known to affect humans have been identified: 229E, OC43,... (Review)
Review
Since the identification of the first human coronavirus in the 1960s, a total of six coronaviruses that are known to affect humans have been identified: 229E, OC43, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), NL63, HKU1, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Presently, the human world is affected by a novel version of the coronavirus family known as SARS-CoV-2, which has an extremely high contagion rate. Although the infection fatality rate (IFR) of this rapidly spreading virus is not high (ranging from 0.00% to 1.54% across 51 different locations), the increasing number of infections and deaths has created a worldwide pandemic situation. To provide therapy to severely infected patients, instant therapeutic support is urgently needed and the repurposing of already approved drugs is presently in progress. In this regard, the development of nanoparticles as effective transporters for therapeutic drugs or as alternative medicines is highly encouraged and currently needed. The size range of the viruses is within 60-140 nm, which is slightly larger than the diameters of nanoparticles, making nanomaterials efficacious tools with antiviral properties. Silver-based nanomaterials (AgNMs) demonstrate antimicrobial and disinfectant effects mostly by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are presently considered as a versatile tool for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Other metal-based nanoparticles have been primarily reported as delivery agents or surface modifying agents, vaccine adjuvant against coronavirus. The present review summarizes and discusses the possible effectiveness of various surface-modified AgNMs against animal coronaviruses and presents a concept for AgNM-based therapeutic treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in the near future.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Humans; Nanostructures; SARS-CoV-2; Silver
PubMed: 33262589
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S280976 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Sep 2021Sediments represent the major sink for released silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in aquatic environments. It is well known that the environmental behavior and toxicity of... (Review)
Review
Sediments represent the major sink for released silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in aquatic environments. It is well known that the environmental behavior and toxicity of AgNPs in sediments are governed by their specific chemical species instead of their total concentration. This review focuses on various chemical transformations of AgNPs in sediments, which have not been well outlined before. We first outline the concentrations of AgNPs in sediments. The predicted concentrations are 1-5 µg kg in most model studies. Once enter sediments, AgNPs are transformed to different species (e.g., AgS, Ag-humic substance complexes, AgCl, and Ag) during multiple chemical transformations, such as oxidative dissolution, sulfidation, chlorination, and complexation. Those chemical behaviors mitigate the toxicity of AgNPs by reducing their availability and decreasing Ag release. Benthic invertebrates and microbes are prone to be affected by AgNPs. AgNPs are found to be accumulated in sediment-dwelling organisms and transferred to higher trophic levels along the food web. Besides X-ray absorption spectroscopy, reliable separation procedures coupled with detection techniques, are powerful tools that characterize the speciation of AgNPs in sediments. More research is needed to investigate diverse chemical transformations in various sediments through development of novel techniques and mathematical models.
Topics: Geologic Sediments; Metal Nanoparticles; Models, Theoretical; Silver; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 34329024
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126368 -
Future Microbiology Sep 2023To systematically evaluate the literature on silver (Ag) gels and their antimicrobial efficacy and physicochemical stability. A search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE,... (Review)
Review
To systematically evaluate the literature on silver (Ag) gels and their antimicrobial efficacy and physicochemical stability. A search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase and Google Scholar. Gels were formulated with Ag nanoparticles, Ag oxynitrate and colloidal Ag and showed antimicrobial activity for concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 30%. Gels showed stability of their chemical components, and their physicochemical properties, including viscosity, organoleptic characteristics, homogeneity, pH and spreadability, were suitable for topical application. Ag-based gels show antimicrobial action proportional to concentration, with higher action against Gram-negative bacteria and physicochemical stability for oral and skin infection applications.
Topics: Silver; Metal Nanoparticles; Anti-Infective Agents; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gels; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 37750752
DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0034 -
Journal of Nanobiotechnology Sep 2015Silver nanoparticles are one of the most important materials in the nanotechnology industry. Additionally, the protein corona is emerging as a key entity at the... (Review)
Review
Silver nanoparticles are one of the most important materials in the nanotechnology industry. Additionally, the protein corona is emerging as a key entity at the nanobiointerface; thus, a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between proteins and silver nanoparticles is imperative. Therefore, literature reporting studies involving both single molecule protein coronas (i.e., bovine and human serum albumin, tubulin, ubiquitin and hyaluronic-binding protein) and complex protein coronas (i.e., fetal bovine serum and yeast extract proteins) were selected to demonstrate the effects of protein coronas on silver nanoparticle cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity. There is evidence that distinct and differential protein components may yield a "protein corona signature" that is related to the size and/or surface curvature of the silver nanoparticles. Therefore, the formation of silver nanoparticle protein coronas together with the biological response to these coronas (i.e., oxidative stress, inflammation and cytotoxicity) as well as other cellular biophysicochemical mechanisms (i.e., endocytosis, biotransformation and biodistribution) will be important for nanomedicine and nanotoxicology. Researchers may benefit from the information contained herein to improve biotechnological applications of silver nanoparticles and to address related safety concerns. In summary, the main aim of this mini-review is to highlight the relationship between the formation of silver nanoparticle protein coronas and toxicity.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Models, Molecular; Nanomedicine; Nanoparticles; Protein Corona; Silver
PubMed: 26337542
DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0114-4 -
Critical Reviews in Biotechnology Nov 2022Although several metal ions/metal nanoparticles (NPs) are toxic to both plants and animals, some of them are used as nutrients and growth promoters. Plants exposed to... (Review)
Review
Although several metal ions/metal nanoparticles (NPs) are toxic to both plants and animals, some of them are used as nutrients and growth promoters. Plants exposed to silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have shown both beneficial and harmful effects. All concentrations of Ag-NPs are not effective for a given plant because any excess can block the passage of essential nutrients. Regulated treatment of plants by Ag-NPs may enhance their overall growth and development. It has been noticed that Ag-NPs decrease the mass of edible plants (, , cabbage, and lettuce) and vegetables, but they also induce the germination of seeds in many cases. NPs interact with proteins, enzymes, and carbohydrates influencing the total biomass, root, and shoot growth of plants. Also, Ag-NPs act as an ethylene inhibitor and activate the antioxidants in onions. Their substantial quantity becomes deposited in onion leaves and bulbs. Size and concentration are the two major factors responsible for the increase/decrease of plant growth and biomass. Plants make adaptations to reduce the toxicity caused by Ag-NPs. In some cases, Ag-NPs induce root elongation and increase chlorophyll, carbohydrate, proteins, rate of photosynthesis and inhibit the biosynthesis of ethylene. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of both the beneficial and adverse effects of Ag-NPs on germination, growth, development, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of a wide range of edible and crop plants. We have also critically discussed: the chemistry, toxicity, uptake, translocation, and accumulation of Ag-NPs in plant systems.
Topics: Carbohydrates; Chlorophyll; Ethylenes; Ions; Metal Nanoparticles; Nanoparticles; Silver
PubMed: 34521281
DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1975091