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The Cochrane Database of Systematic... 2000This systematic review aimed to assess the effects of beta-sitosterols (B-sitosterol) on urinary symptoms and flow measures in men with of benign prostatic hyperplasia... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
This systematic review aimed to assess the effects of beta-sitosterols (B-sitosterol) on urinary symptoms and flow measures in men with of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
SEARCH STRATEGY
Trials were searched in computerized general and specialized databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Phytodok), by checking bibliographies, and by contacting manufacturers and researchers.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Trials were eligible for inclusion provided they (1) randomized men with BPH to receive B-sitosterol preparations in comparison to placebo or other BPH medications, and (2) included clinical outcomes such as urologic symptom scales, symptoms, or urodynamic measurements.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Information on patients, interventions, and outcomes was extracted by at least two independent reviewers using a standard form. Main outcome measure for comparing the effectiveness of B-sitosterols with placebo and standard BPH medications was the change in urologic symptom scale scores. Secondary outcomes included changes in nocturia as well as urodynamic measures (peak and mean urine flow, residual volume, prostate size). Main outcome measure for side effects was the number of men reporting side effects.
MAIN RESULTS
519 men from 4 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials, (lasting 4 to 26 weeks) were assessed. 3 trials used non-glucosidic B-sitosterols and one utilized a preparation that contained 100% B-sitosteryl-B-D-glucoside. B-Sitosterols improved urinary symptom scores and flow measures. The weighted mean difference (WMD) for the IPSS was -4.9 IPSS points (95%CI = -6.3 to -3.5, n = 2 studies). The WMD for peak urine flow was 3.91 ml/sec (95%CI = 0.91 to 6.90, n = 4 studies) and the WMD for residual volume was -28.62 ml (95%CI = -41. 42 to -15.83, n = 4 studies). The trial using 100% B-sitosteryl-B-D-glucoside (WA184) show improvement in urinary flow measures. B-sitosterols did not reduce prostate size. Withdrawal rates for men assigned to B-sitosterol and placebo were 7.8% and 8. 0%, respectively.
REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS
The evidence suggests non-glucosidic B-sitosterols improve urinary symptoms and flow measures. Their long term effectiveness, safety and ability to prevent BPH complications are not known.
Topics: Humans; Male; Phytotherapy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Sitosterols; Urodynamics
PubMed: 10796740
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001043 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Nov 2020Phytosterols are bioactive compounds that are naturally present in plant cell membranes with chemical structure similar to the mammalian cell- derived cholesterol. They... (Review)
Review
Phytosterols are bioactive compounds that are naturally present in plant cell membranes with chemical structure similar to the mammalian cell- derived cholesterol. They are highly present in lipid-rich plant foods such as nuts, seed, legumes and olive oil. Among various phytosterols, β-sitosterol (SIT) is the major compound, found plentiful in plants. It has been evidenced in many in-vitro and in-vivo studies that SIT possesses various biological actions such as anxiolytic & sedative effects, analgesic, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti - inflammatory, lipid lowering effect, hepatoprotective, protective effect against NAFLD and respiratory diseases, wound healing effect, antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. In this review, in order to compile the sources, characterization, biosynthesis, pharmacokinetics, antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of SIT, classical and online-literature were studied which includes the electronic search (Sci Finder, Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science etc) and books on photochemistry. The experimental studies on SIT gives a clear evidence that the potential phytosterol can be used as supplements to fight against life threatening diseases. High potential of this compound, classifies it as the notable drug of the future. Therefore, immense researches regarding its action at molecular level on life threatening diseases in humans are highly endorsed.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Sitosterols
PubMed: 32882583
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110702 -
Chemico-biological Interactions Sep 2022Currently, available therapeutic medications are both costly as well as not entirely promising in terms of potency. So, new candidates from natural resources are of... (Review)
Review
Currently, available therapeutic medications are both costly as well as not entirely promising in terms of potency. So, new candidates from natural resources are of research interest to find new alternative therapeutics. A well-known combination is a β-sitosterol, a plant-derived nutrient with anticancer properties against breast, prostate, colon, lung, stomach, and leukemia. Studies have shown that β-sitosterol interferes with multiple cell signaling pathways, including cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, survival, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, cardioprotective, and antidiabetic effects have been discovered during pharmacological screening without significant toxicity. The pharmacokinetic profile of β-sitosterol has also been extensively investigated. However, a comprehensive review of the pharmacology, phytochemistry and analytical methods of β-sitosterol is desired. Because β-sitosterol is a significant component of most plant materials, humans use it for various reasons, and numerous β-sitosterol-containing products have been commercialized. To offset the low efficacy of β-sitosterol, designing β-sitosterol delivery for "cancer cell-specific" therapy holds great potential. Delivery of β-sitosterol via liposomes is a demonstration that has shown great promise. But further research has not progressed on the drug delivery of β-sitosterol or how it can enhance β-sitosterol mediated anti-inflammatory activity, thus making β-sitosterol an orphan nutraceutical. Therefore, extensive research on β-sitosterol as an anticancer nutraceutical is recommended.
Topics: Apoptosis; Cell Cycle; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Plant Extracts; Sitosterols
PubMed: 35995256
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110117 -
Bioorganic Chemistry May 2020β-Sitosterols, is a common steroid that can be identified in a variety of plants and their efficacy in promoting wound healing has been demonstrated. Na/K-ATPase, more...
β-Sitosterols, is a common steroid that can be identified in a variety of plants and their efficacy in promoting wound healing has been demonstrated. Na/K-ATPase, more than a pump, its signal transduction function for involvement in cell growth regulation attracts widespread concern. The Na/K-ATPase/Src receptor complex can serve as a receptor involved in multiple signaling pathways including promoting wound healing pathways. To finding potent accelerating wound healing small molecular, we choose the high inhibitory activity of Na/K-ATPase and non-cardiotoxic natural compound, β-sitosterol as the substrate. A series of β-sitosterol derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated as potential Na/K-ATPase inhibitors. Among them, compounds 31, 47, 49, showed improved inhibitory activity on Na/K-ATPase, with IC value of 3.0 μM, 3.4 μM, 2.2 μM, which are more potent than β-sitosterol with IC 7.6 μM. Especially, compound 49 can induce cell proliferation, migration and soluble collagen production in L929 fibroblasts. Compared to model, compound 49 can accelerate wound healing in SD rats. Further studies indicated that 49 can activate the sarcoma (Src), uptake the protein kinase B (Akt), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) proteins expression in a concentration dependent manner. Finally, binding mode of compound 49 with Na/K-ATPase was studied, which provides insights into the determinants of potency and selectivity. These results proved β-stitosterol derivative 49 can serve as an effective inhibitor of Na/K-ATPase and potential candidate for accelerating wound healing agents.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Male; Mice; Molecular Structure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sitosterols; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Structure-Activity Relationship; Wound Healing
PubMed: 31983469
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103150 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Sep 2023Cancer is one of the primary causes of death worldwide, and its incidence continues to increase yearly. Despite significant advances in research, the search for... (Review)
Review
Cancer is one of the primary causes of death worldwide, and its incidence continues to increase yearly. Despite significant advances in research, the search for effective and nontoxic preventive and therapeutic agents remains greatly important. Cancer is a multimodal disease, where various mechanisms play significant roles in its occurrence and progression. This highlights the need for multitargeted approaches that are not only safe and inexpensive but also provide effective alternatives for current therapeutic regimens. β-Sitosterol (SIT), the most abundant phytosterol found in various plant foods, represents such an option. Preclinical evidence over the past few decades has overwhelmingly shown that SIT exhibits multiple anticancer activities against varied cancers, such as liver, cervical, colon, stomach, breast, lung, pancreatic, and prostate cancers, in addition to leukemia, multiple myeloma, melanoma, and fibrosarcoma. In this article, we present the latest advances and perspectives on SIT-systematically summarizing its antitumor mechanisms of action into 7 main sections and combining current challenges and prospects-for its use as a promising agent for cancer prevention and treatment. In particular, SIT plays a role in cancer prevention and treatment mainly by enhancing apoptosis, inducing cell cycle arrest, bidirectionally regulating oxidative stress, improving metabolic reprogramming, inhibiting invasion and metastasis, modulating immunity and inflammation, and combating drug resistance. Although SIT holds such great promise, the poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability coupled with low targeting efficacy limit its therapeutic efficacy and clinical application. Further research on novel drug delivery systems may improve these deficiencies. Overall, through complex and pleiotropic mechanisms, SIT has good potential for tumor chemoprevention and chemotherapy. However, no clinical trials have yet proven this potential. This review provides theoretical basis and rationality for the further design and conduct of clinical trials to confirm the anticancer activity of SIT.
Topics: Male; Humans; Antineoplastic Agents; Sitosterols; Prostatic Neoplasms; Chemoprevention
PubMed: 37247842
DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.05.013 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2018Vitamin D is a secosterol hormone critical for bone growth and calcium homeostasis, produced in vertebrate skin by photolytic conversion of the cholesterol biosynthetic...
Vitamin D is a secosterol hormone critical for bone growth and calcium homeostasis, produced in vertebrate skin by photolytic conversion of the cholesterol biosynthetic intermediate provitamin D. Insufficient levels of vitamin D especially in the case of low solar UV-B irradiation is often compensated by an intake of a dietary source of vitamin D of animal origin. Small amounts of vitamin D were described in a few plant species and considered as a peculiar feature of their phytochemical diversity. In this report we show the presence of vitamin D in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. This plant secosterol is a UV-B mediated derivative of provitamin D, the precursor of sitosterol. The present work will allow a further survey of vitamin D distribution in plant species.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Sitosterols; Vitamin D
PubMed: 30397227
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34775-z -
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics Aug 2020β-Sitosterol (βSito) is the most abundant phytosterol found in elevated concentrations in vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, cereals, fruits, and in many...
β-Sitosterol (βSito) is the most abundant phytosterol found in elevated concentrations in vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, cereals, fruits, and in many phytosterol-enriched foods. Although the benefits, there is a concern in terms of food quality and health due to the increasing consumption of phytosterols and the possible adverse side effects of their oxidation products, oxyphytosterols. βSito has a similar structure to cholesterol, with an unsaturated double bond at C5-C6, which is susceptible to oxidation by reactive oxygen species like ozone, generating oxyphytosterols. In this work we propose a mechanism of formation of three oxyphytosterols 2-[(7aR)-5-[(1R,4S)-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxocyclohexyl]-1,7a-dimethyl-1,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7- octahydroinden-4-yl] acetaldehyde (βSec), (2-[(7aR)-5-[(2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-7-oxo-oxepan- 2-yl]-1,7a-dimethyl-1,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7-octahydroinden-4- yl] acetaldehyde (βLac) and 2-((7aR)-5-((1R,4S)-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2- oxocyclohexyl)-1,7a-dimethyloctahydro-1Hinden-4-yl) acetic acid (βCOOH) generated by ozonization of βSito, through their synthesis and molecular characterization. The cytotoxic effect of βSito and its main oxyphytosterol βSec was evaluated and both reduced the HepG2 cell viability.
Topics: Cell Survival; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Oxidation-Reduction; Ozone; Phytosterols; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sitosterols
PubMed: 32590065
DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108472 -
Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao = Journal of... Oct 2011Traditional medicine systems consist of large numbers of plants with medicinal and pharmacological importance and hence represent an invaluable reservoir of new... (Review)
Review
Traditional medicine systems consist of large numbers of plants with medicinal and pharmacological importance and hence represent an invaluable reservoir of new bioactive molecules. Alpinia galanga (family Zingiberaceae) is commonly known as galangal and has been used for its emmenagogue, aphrodisiac, abortifacient, carminative, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory qualities and used in the treatment of various diseases such as bronchitis, heart diseases, chronic enteritis, renal calculus, diabetes, rheumatism and kidney disorders. It was reported to contain, among other components, essential oils, tannins, phenol, glycosides, monoterpenes and carbohydrates. In the last few years, new compounds such as gallic acid glycoside, galangoisoflavonoid,β-sitosterol, galangin, alpinin, zerumbone and kampferide have been isolated from various parts of A. galanga. Therefore, the present review is aimed to summarize the information regarding A. galanga concerning the new phytoconstituents and pharmacological uses that have appeared in recent years.
Topics: Alpinia; Flavonoids; Plant Extracts; Rhizome; Sitosterols
PubMed: 22015185
DOI: 10.3736/jcim20111004 -
Nutrition Reviews Nov 1964
Review
Topics: Diet; Diet Therapy; Dietary Fats; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Sitosterols; Sterols
PubMed: 14223170
DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1964.tb04830.x -
Journal of Dietary Supplements 2016An evidence-based systematic review of beta-sitosterol, sitosterol (22,23-dihydrostigmasterol, 24-ethylcholesterol) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration... (Review)
Review
An evidence-based systematic review of beta-sitosterol, sitosterol (22,23-dihydrostigmasterol, 24-ethylcholesterol) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration consolidates the safety and efficacy data available in the scientific literature using a validated, reproducible grading rationale. This article includes written and statistical analysis of clinical trials, plus a compilation of expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.
Topics: Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Sitosterols; Stigmasterol
PubMed: 26268617
DOI: No ID Found