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Pest Management Science Oct 2023Data on the movement behavior of translocated wild pigs is needed to develop appropriate response strategies for containing and eliminating new source populations...
BACKGROUND
Data on the movement behavior of translocated wild pigs is needed to develop appropriate response strategies for containing and eliminating new source populations following translocation events. We conducted experimental trials to compare the home range establishment and space-use metrics, including the number of days and distance traveled before becoming range residents, for wild pigs translocated with their social group and individually.
RESULTS
We found wild pigs translocated with their social group made less extensive movements away from the release location and established a stable home range ~5 days faster than those translocated individually. We also examined how habitat quality impacted the home range sizes of translocated wild pigs and found wild pigs maintained larger ranges in areas with higher proportion of low-quality habitat.
CONCLUSION
Collectively, our findings suggest translocations of invasive wild pigs have a greater probability of establishing a viable population near the release site when habitat quality is high and when released with members of their social unit compared to individuals moved independent of their social group or to low-quality habitat. However, all wild pigs translocated in our study made extensive movements from their release location, highlighting the potential for single translocation events of either individuals or groups to have far-reaching consequences within a much broader landscape beyond the location where they are released. These results highlight the challenges associated with containing populations in areas where illegal introduction of wild pigs occurs, and the need for rapid response once releases are identified. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Sus scrofa; Ecosystem; Homing Behavior; Movement; Social Structure
PubMed: 37218996
DOI: 10.1002/ps.7567 -
NEAWalk: Inferring missing social interactions via topological-temporal embeddings of social groups.Knowledge and Information Systems 2022Real-world network data consisting of social interactions can be incomplete due to deliberately erased or unsuccessful data collection, which cause the misleading of...
Real-world network data consisting of social interactions can be incomplete due to deliberately erased or unsuccessful data collection, which cause the misleading of social interaction analysis for many various time-aware applications. Naturally, the link prediction task has drawn much research interest to predict the missing edges in the incomplete social network. However, existing studies of link prediction cannot effectively capture the entangling topological and temporal dynamics already residing in the social network, thus cannot effectively reasoning the missing interactions in dynamic networks. In this paper, we propose the NEAWalk, a novel model to infer the missing social interaction based on topological-temporal features of patterns in the social group. NEAWalk samples the query-relevant walks containing both the historical and evolving information by focusing on the temporal constraint and designs a dual-view anonymization procedure for extracting both topological and temporal features from the collected walks to conduct the inference. Two-track experiments on several well-known network datasets demonstrate that the NEAWalk stably achieves superior performance against several state-of-the-art baseline methods.
PubMed: 36035894
DOI: 10.1007/s10115-022-01724-2 -
Psychological Science Jul 2006One hypothesis to explain variation in vocal communication in animal species is that the complexity of the social group influences the group's vocal complexity. This...
One hypothesis to explain variation in vocal communication in animal species is that the complexity of the social group influences the group's vocal complexity. This social-complexity hypothesis for communication is also central to recent arguments regarding the origins of human language, but experimental tests of the hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated whether group size, a fundamental component of social complexity, influences the complexity of a call functioning in the social organization of Carolina chickadees, Poecile carolinensis. In unmanipulated field settings, calls of individuals in larger groups had greater complexity (more information) than calls of individuals in smaller groups. In aviary settings manipulating group size, individuals in larger groups used calls with greater complexity than individuals in smaller groups. These results indicate that social complexity can influence communicative complexity in this species.
Topics: Animals; Birds; Social Behavior; Sound Spectrography; Vocalization, Animal
PubMed: 16866738
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01743.x -
Reviews in Medical Virology Jan 2023The SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant (B.1.1.529) was first identified in Botswana and South Africa, and its emergence has been associated with a steep increase in the number... (Review)
Review
The SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant (B.1.1.529) was first identified in Botswana and South Africa, and its emergence has been associated with a steep increase in the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections. The omicron variant has subsequently spread very rapidly across the world, resulting in the World Health Organization classification as a variant of concern on 26 November 2021. Since its emergence, great efforts have been made by research groups around the world that have rapidly responded to fill our gaps in knowledge for this novel variant. A growing body of data has demonstrated that the omicron variant shows high transmissibility, robust binding to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, attenuated viral replication, and causes less severe disease in COVID-19 patients. Further, the variant has high environmental stability, high resistance against most therapeutic antibodies, and partial escape neutralisation by antibodies from convalescent patients or vaccinated individuals. With the pandemic ongoing, there is a need for the distillation of literature from primary research into an accessible format for the community. In this review, we summarise the key discoveries related to the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant, highlighting the gaps in knowledge that guide the field's ongoing and future work.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Pandemics; Social Group
PubMed: 35662313
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2373 -
Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin Oct 2021Difference-education interventions teach people a : that social group difference comes from participating in and adapting to diverse sociocultural contexts. At two...
Difference-education interventions teach people a : that social group difference comes from participating in and adapting to diverse sociocultural contexts. At two universities, we delivered difference-education interventions during the college transition and examined long-term academic and intergroup outcomes. Nearly 4 years later, first-generation students who received a difference-education intervention earned higher grades and were more likely to attain honors standing than those in the control condition. Based on an end-of-college survey with students at one of the two universities, both first-generation and continuing-generation students showed greater comfort with social group difference compared with students in the control condition. Our results demonstrate for the first time that teaching first-generation students a contextual theory of difference can lead to long-term academic benefits that persist until graduation. This work also provides new evidence that difference-education can improve comfort with social group difference.
Topics: Educational Status; Humans; Social Change; Students; Universities
PubMed: 33559529
DOI: 10.1177/0146167220982909 -
Biology Letters Jan 2015Social learning offers an efficient route through which humans and other animals learn about potential dangers in the environment. Such learning inherently relies on the...
Social learning offers an efficient route through which humans and other animals learn about potential dangers in the environment. Such learning inherently relies on the transmission of social information and should imply selectivity in what to learn from whom. Here, we conducted two observational learning experiments to assess how humans learn about danger and safety from members ('demonstrators') of an other social group than their own. We show that both fear and safety learning from a racial in-group demonstrator was more potent than learning from a racial out-group demonstrator.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Black People; Conditioning, Classical; Fear; Female; Humans; Learning; Male; Racial Groups; Snakes; Social Behavior; Spiders; Sweden; White People
PubMed: 25631229
DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0817 -
Behavior Research Methods Apr 2023For decades, researchers across the social sciences have sought to document and explain the worldwide variation in social group attitudes (evaluative representations,...
For decades, researchers across the social sciences have sought to document and explain the worldwide variation in social group attitudes (evaluative representations, e.g., young-good/old-bad) and stereotypes (attribute representations, e.g., male-science/female-arts). Indeed, uncovering such country-level variation can provide key insights into questions ranging from how attitudes and stereotypes are clustered across places to why places vary in attitudes and stereotypes (including ecological and social correlates). Here, we introduce the Project Implicit:International (PI:International) dataset that has the potential to propel such research by offering the first cross-country dataset of both implicit (indirectly measured) and explicit (directly measured) attitudes and stereotypes across multiple topics and years. PI:International comprises 2.3 million tests for seven topics (race, sexual orientation, age, body weight, nationality, and skin-tone attitudes, as well as men/women-science/arts stereotypes) using both indirect (Implicit Association Test; IAT) and direct (self-report) measures collected continuously from 2009 to 2019 from 34 countries in each country's native language(s). We show that the IAT data from PI:International have adequate internal consistency (split-half reliability), convergent validity (implicit-explicit correlations), and known groups validity. Given such reliability and validity, we summarize basic descriptive statistics on the overall strength and variability of implicit and explicit attitudes and stereotypes around the world. The PI:International dataset, including both summary data and trial-level data from the IAT, is provided openly to facilitate wide access and novel discoveries on the global nature of implicit and explicit attitudes and stereotypes.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Reproducibility of Results; Social Group; Attitude; Self Report; Social Sciences
PubMed: 35650381
DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01851-2 -
Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health... Feb 1985Standards of value exist in our society, which are based on a predominant conception of personal worth through socioeconomic utility. This gives some elderly people in...
Standards of value exist in our society, which are based on a predominant conception of personal worth through socioeconomic utility. This gives some elderly people in their nonwork status, a self-image of uselessness and worthlessness, due to the loss of role, reference group, and decrease in prestige. This condition may lead to depression. Two social workers implemented an experiment on social group work in general practice in Copenhagen. The general practitioners referred for participation thirteen men and women, between sixty and seventy years old, who had left the labour market within the last three years. It seems possible to involve elderly people in expressing their individual problems to each other in a group, and to stimulate a better adaption to the new role as pensioner by increasing the members' ability to compensate through other activities. This might produce guidelines for resolving various common problems among elderly people.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Aged; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Group Processes; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Self-Help Groups; Social Isolation
PubMed: 4059696
DOI: 10.3109/02813438509017737 -
The British Journal of Social Psychology Apr 2024Positive experiences of groups (e.g., the extent to which groups are important and supportive) tend to be associated with better retirement adjustment outcomes. However,...
Positive experiences of groups (e.g., the extent to which groups are important and supportive) tend to be associated with better retirement adjustment outcomes. However, group experiences are not always positive, and we know little about their varied contribution to adjustment outcomes. We addressed this gap by exploring the nature of social group memberships - in terms of varying positive and negative experiences of groups - to better understand how social group memberships shape retirement adjustment, life satisfaction and mental health. A latent profile analysis (using data from 489 retirees and their membership of 1887 groups) identified four profiles of social group memberships: optimal (63%), slightly straining (13%), low-supportive (18%) and ambivalent (6%). Subsequent regression analysis showed that these different profiles of group membership were differentially associated with retirement adjustment outcomes: belonging to more optimal groups was associated with better perceived adjustment, higher life satisfaction and better mental health, while belonging to slightly straining and ambivalent groups contributed to poorer adjustment, lower life satisfaction and greater depression. These findings have implications for theory and practice, not least because they advance our understanding of the diversity of people's group memberships and their contribution to retirement and health outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Retirement; Mental Health; Personal Satisfaction; Affect; Group Processes
PubMed: 37905751
DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12694 -
Nursing Open Aug 2023The objective was to identify if family social exclusion is associated with child motor and social development delay in Southeastern Brazil.
AIM
The objective was to identify if family social exclusion is associated with child motor and social development delay in Southeastern Brazil.
DESIGN
A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from a sample of 348 children under 3 years, proportional to the number of children registered in the primary care centres of the municipality.
METHODS
Child development was measured using the "Developmental Surveillance Instrument" which was developed by the Ministry of Health in Brazil and is used for public health nurses and clinicians in their practice. An index was used to evaluate social exclusion.
RESULTS
The prevalence of child motor and socioemotional developmental delay was 27.6% and 17.2%, respectively. Children in the most social excluded group were more likely to have delayed motor development (OR = 3.4; 95% CI = 1.14; 10.55) and socioemotional developmental delay (OR = 3.9; 95% CI = 1.05; 9.02) than children in the least social excluded group.
Topics: Humans; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developmental Disabilities; Child Development; Social Isolation; Social Group
PubMed: 37229522
DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1736