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Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 2018Genomic imprinting, the epigenetic process by which transcription occurs from a single parental allele, is believed to influence social behaviors in mammals. An...
Genomic imprinting, the epigenetic process by which transcription occurs from a single parental allele, is believed to influence social behaviors in mammals. An important social behavior is group living, which is enriched in Eutherian mammals relative to monotremes and marsupials. Group living facilitates resource acquisition, defense of territory and co-care of young, but requires a stable social group with complex inter-individual relationships. Co-occurring with increased group living in Eutherians is an increase in the number of imprinted loci, including that spanning the maternally expressed . Using a 'loss-of-imprinting' model of (), we demonstrated that twofold over expression of results in abnormal social behaviors. Although, our previous work indicated that male mice were more dominant as measured by tube test encounters with unfamiliar wild-type (WT) males. Building upon this work, using more ecologically relevant assessments of social dominance, indicated that within their normal social group, mice did not occupy higher ranking positions. Nevertheless, we find that presence of animals within a group leads to instability of the normal social hierarchy, as indicated by greater variability in social rank within the group over time and an increase in territorial behavior in WT cage-mates. Consequently, these abnormal behaviors led to an increased incidence of fighting and wounding within the group. Taken together these data indicate that normal expression of is required for maintaining stability of the social group and suggests that the acquisition of monoallelic expression of may have enhanced social behavior in Eutherian mammals to facilitate group living.
PubMed: 29535616
DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00028 -
Journal of Evidence-based Social Work 2012
Topics: Group Processes; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Psychotherapy, Group; Social Work
PubMed: 22830940
DOI: 10.1080/15433714.2012.695719 -
AI & Society Apr 2022In combating the ongoing global health threat of the COVID-19 pandemic, decision-makers have to take actions based on a multitude of relevant health data with severe...
In combating the ongoing global health threat of the COVID-19 pandemic, decision-makers have to take actions based on a multitude of relevant health data with severe potential consequences for the affected patients. Because of their presumed advantages in handling and analyzing vast amounts of data, computer systems of algorithmic decision-making (ADM) are implemented and substitute humans in decision-making processes. In this study, we focus on a specific application of ADM in contrast to human decision-making (HDM), namely the allocation of COVID-19 vaccines to the public. In particular, we elaborate on the role of trust and social group preference on the legitimacy of vaccine allocation. We conducted a survey with a 2 × 2 randomized factorial design among = 1602 German respondents, in which we utilized distinct decision-making agents (HDM vs. ADM) and prioritization of a specific social group (teachers vs. prisoners) as design factors. Our findings show that general trust in ADM systems and preference for vaccination of a specific social group influence the legitimacy of vaccine allocation. However, contrary to our expectations, trust in the agent making the decision did not moderate the link between social group preference and legitimacy. Moreover, the effect was also not moderated by the type of decision-maker (human vs. algorithm). We conclude that trustworthy ADM systems must not necessarily lead to the legitimacy of ADM systems.
PubMed: 35469142
DOI: 10.1007/s00146-022-01412-3 -
Cognitive Science Apr 2024People implicitly generalize the actions of known individuals in a social group to unknown members. However, actions have social goals and evaluative valences, and the...
People implicitly generalize the actions of known individuals in a social group to unknown members. However, actions have social goals and evaluative valences, and the extent to which actions with different valences (helpful and harmful) are implicitly generalized among group members remains unclear. We used computer animations to simulate social group actions, where helping and hindering actions were represented by aiding and obstructing another's climb up a hill. Study 1 found that helpful actions are implicitly expected to be shared among members of the same group but not among members of different groups, but no such effect was found for harmful actions. This suggests that helpful actions are more likely than harmful actions to be implicitly generalized to group members. This finding was replicated in Study 2 by increasing the group size from three to five. Study 3 found that the null effect for generalizing harmful actions among group members is not due to the difficulty of detecting action generalization, as both helpful and harmful actions are similarly generalized within particular individuals. Moreover, Study 4 demonstrated that weakening social group information resulted in the absence of implicit generalization for helpful actions, suggesting the specificity of group membership. Study 5 revealed that the generalization of helping actions occurred when actions were performed by multiple group members rather than being repeated by one group member, showing group-based inductive generalization. Overall, these findings support valence-dependent implicit action generalization among group members. This implies that people may possess different knowledge regarding valenced actions on category-based generalization.
Topics: Humans; Generalization, Psychological; Group Dynamics
PubMed: 38606615
DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13440 -
Psychology and Aging Nov 2023Social factors are major determinants of the success of retirement transitions. However, we do not yet fully understand the nature and basis of this impact, particularly...
Social factors are major determinants of the success of retirement transitions. However, we do not yet fully understand the nature and basis of this impact, particularly as it relates to social group belonging. To address this issue the present article investigated the role that social group memberships play in supporting people's health and well-being in the early phase of transitioning to retirement. More specifically, we drew on the social identity model of identity change (SIMIC) to examine two pathways in which social group processes are theorized to influence adjustment to life change-social identity continuity and social identity gain. To test these pathways, a sample of Australian workers who had transitioned to retirement in the last 12 months ( = 170) were surveyed about their (a) preretirement multiple group memberships and postretirement maintained and new group memberships and (b) their perceived physical health, mental health, and life satisfaction after retirement. While preretirement group memberships did not affect retirement outcomes directly, they supported them indirectly by enabling people both to maintain some existing group memberships and to gain some new group memberships postretirement; as predicted by SIMIC. These findings confirm the importance of social factors and of social group membership in particular, for retiree health and well-being. Theoretically, they support the generalizability of SIMIC and its capacity to explain adjustment to diverse life changes including retirement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Retirement; Social Identification; Aging; Australia; Mental Health
PubMed: 37307317
DOI: 10.1037/pag0000757 -
Behavioural Processes Oct 1997We investigated the behavioural mechanisms involved in group formation at a feeding site in a captive snowshoe hare population. The analysis showed that grouping...
We investigated the behavioural mechanisms involved in group formation at a feeding site in a captive snowshoe hare population. The analysis showed that grouping resulted most often from a feeding attraction which led individuals to use the feeding site independently of each other. However social attraction and especially social repulsion among hares were also involved in group size dynamics. As group size increased, social repulsion underlined by an autocatalytic process led the hares to collectively leave the feeding site. Consequently, the social interactions rates and distance covered per hare increased non-linearly with hare number present at the feeding site. The results suggest that hare behaviour underlined by these mechanisms may influence the risks of starvation and predation. From these results, further field studies are suggested to test in the framework of a multi-factor hypothesis how hare behaviour, food supply and predation may interact simultaneously in population regulation.
PubMed: 24896377
DOI: 10.1016/s0376-6357(97)00027-2 -
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Nov 1983By means of a psychiatric case register the total psychiatric population in the Nacka region (75,000 inhabitants) was analysed during a 2-year period with regard to the...
By means of a psychiatric case register the total psychiatric population in the Nacka region (75,000 inhabitants) was analysed during a 2-year period with regard to the amount of psychotherapy consumed in different social groups. Among the patients, the utilization of psychotherapy was 60% for social group I compared with 30% for social group III. However, the lowest social groups are overrepresented at the mental health unit. Thus, among the total population, the utilization of psychotherapy was 1.8% for social group I compared with 5.3% for social group III. The study discusses the "clinical fallacy", by which data from a patient population is applied to the whole population, giving wrong or restricted perspectives to the problem studied. It is claimed that the selectivity of the psychiatric organization concerning social groups is an important factor for the so-called "social class bias" in psychotherapy.
Topics: Community Mental Health Centers; Humans; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Psychotherapy; Social Class; Sweden
PubMed: 6650210
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb07014.x -
Journal of Evolutionary Biology May 2004Social group size may affect the potential for sperm competition, and this in turn may favour ontogenetic adjustments in testicular mass according to the likely... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Social group size may affect the potential for sperm competition, and this in turn may favour ontogenetic adjustments in testicular mass according to the likely requirements for sperm and spermatophore production. In a number of comparative analyses of testis mass among vertebrate species that differ in mating system or social organization, increasing potential for sperm competition is associated with larger testis size. Intraspecific phenotypic plasticity should be able to produce the same pattern if social group size is heterogenous and reflects differing degrees of average sperm competition, but this intraspecific effect is less well studied. We tested the effect of social groups on both male and female investment in the simultaneously hermaphroditic leech, Helobdella papillornata. Leeches were placed in groups of one, two, four or eight. Sexual investment at the onset of reproductive maturity was quantified as the total testisac volume for male function and total egg volume for female function. We found that testisac volume (statistically adjusted for body size) showed a significant increase with increasing group size. Total egg volume (also adjusted for body size) was unaffected by group size. Our findings indicate adaptive developmental plasticity in male gonad investment in response to the potential for sperm competition.
Topics: Animals; Body Weights and Measures; Female; Leeches; Male; Ovum; Reproduction; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Behavior; Spermatozoa; Testis; Victoria
PubMed: 15149400
DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00692.x -
Human Factors Aug 2019We investigated the co-acting influences of communication and social conformity on trust in human-robot interaction.
OBJECTIVE
We investigated the co-acting influences of communication and social conformity on trust in human-robot interaction.
BACKGROUND
Previous work has investigated aspects of the robot, the human, and the environment as influential factors in the human-robot relationship. Little work has examined the conjoint effects of social conformity and communication on this relationship. As social conformity and communication have been shown to affect human-human trust, there are a priori reasons to believe that they will play an influential role in human-robot trust also.
METHOD
The experiment examined the influences of social conformity and robot communication on trust. A 2 × 2 (communication × social group) design was implemented with each variable having two levels (communication, no communication; positive social group, negative social group).
RESULTS
We created a communication manipulation which we then demonstrated to mediate the trust level between human and robot. However, this influence on trust was overcome by social information in which the subsequent trust level, attributed to the robot, was dominated by expressed social group attitudes to that robot.
CONCLUSION
The results confirm the importance of human social assessments over direct robot communication in setting human-robot trust levels. When social opinions are expressed, observers appear to conform to the trust displayed by the group than relying on their own judgment.
APPLICATION
In human-robot teams, the perceptions of the group may exert a greater impact than even robot communication. This may be especially important when new human members are introduced into such teams.
Topics: Adolescent; Communication; Female; Humans; Male; Robotics; Social Behavior; Social Conformity; Trust; User-Computer Interface; Young Adult
PubMed: 30431337
DOI: 10.1177/0018720818811190 -
Scientific Reports May 2021Indirect reciprocity is a pervasive social norm that promotes human cooperation. Helping someone establishes a good reputation, increasing the probability of receiving...
Indirect reciprocity is a pervasive social norm that promotes human cooperation. Helping someone establishes a good reputation, increasing the probability of receiving help from others. Here we hypothesize that indirect reciprocity regulates not only cooperative behavior but also the exchange of opinions within a social group. In a novel interactive perceptual task (Experiment 1), we show that participants relied more on the judgments of an alleged human partner when a second alleged peer had been endorsing participants' opinions. By doing so, participants did not take into account the reliability of their partners' judgments and did not maximize behavioral accuracy and monetary reward. This effect declined when participants did not expect future interactions with their partners, suggesting the emergence of downstream mechanisms of reciprocity linked to the management of reputation. Importantly, all these effects disappeared when participants knew that the partners' responses were computer-generated (Experiment 2). Our results suggest that, within a social group, individuals may weight others' opinions through indirect reciprocity, highlighting the emergence of normative distortions in the process of information transmission among humans.
Topics: Adult; Cooperative Behavior; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Models, Psychological; Social Behavior; Social Norms; Young Adult
PubMed: 34045572
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90656-y