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ACS Applied Bio Materials Apr 2022The 45S5 bioglass uttering Class A bioactivity promotes both osteoconduction as well as osteoinduction. Though one of the higher reactive bioactive materials known with...
The 45S5 bioglass uttering Class A bioactivity promotes both osteoconduction as well as osteoinduction. Though one of the higher reactive bioactive materials known with structural and physiological influence upon ionic modulation, poor mechanical properties are perceived. The possible solution to overcome the weak stability is to choose material's composition that provides retained bioactivity and improved mechanical stability. Meanwhile, primary burst out of Na ions increases the local pH, harms cell life, and acts as a well-known disruptive modifying species that weakens the bioactive glass network, decreasing network connectivity, showing faster degradation and lowering mechanical stability. Therefore, in this study, more detailed systematic exploration on structural influence of sodium monovalent cation and its behavior on physiological environment was genuinely studied and reported that bioactivity of the bioactive glass can be highly achieved even without Na ions. The result exhibits benefits of sodium free bioactive glass (denoted as No Na BG) over Na BG and exhibits improved mechanical stability and also possible degradability, having in-built apatite phase even before immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). Also, sodium free bioglass proved as a superior candidate for erythrocyte compatibility with rapid clotting tendency on interaction with blood and a promising replacement for 45S5 bioglass in all aspects especially in mechanical stability view, which can withstand more than 5 months in phosphate buffer saline (PBS).
Topics: Apatites; Cations; Erythrocytes; Glass; Sodium
PubMed: 35362945
DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01322 -
Biometals : An International Journal on... Oct 2021Magnesium (Mg) is the 2nd most abundant intracellular cation, which participates in various enzymatic reactions; there by regulating vital biological functions.... (Review)
Review
Magnesium (Mg) is the 2nd most abundant intracellular cation, which participates in various enzymatic reactions; there by regulating vital biological functions. Magnesium (Mg) can regulate several cations, including sodium, potassium, and calcium; it consequently maintains physiological functions like impulse conduction, blood pressure, heart rhythm, and muscle contraction. But, it doesn't get much attention in account with its functions, making it a "Forgotten cation". Like other cations, maintenance of the normal physiological level of Mg is important. Its deficiency is associated with various diseases, which point out to the importance of Mg as a drug. The roles of Mg such as natural calcium antagonist, glutamate NMDA receptor blocker, vasodilator, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent are responsible for its therapeutic benefits. Various salts of Mg are currently in clinical use, but their application is limited. This review collates all the possible mechanisms behind the behavior of magnesium as a drug at different disease conditions with clinical shreds of evidence.
Topics: Calcium; Cations; Magnesium; Potassium; Sodium
PubMed: 34213669
DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00328-7 -
American Journal of Nephrology 2020We have previously investigated the fate of administered bicarbonate infused as a hypertonic solution in animals with each of the 4 chronic acid-base disorders. Those...
BACKGROUND
We have previously investigated the fate of administered bicarbonate infused as a hypertonic solution in animals with each of the 4 chronic acid-base disorders. Those studies did not address the fate of sodium, the coadministered cation.
METHODS
We examined baseline total body water (TBW), Na+ space, HCO3- space, and urinary sodium and bicarbonate excretion after acute hypertonic NaHCO3 infusion (1-N solution, 5 mmol/kg body weight) in dogs with each of the 4 chronic acid-base disorders. Observations were made at 30, 60, and 90 min postinfusion. Retained sodium that remains osmotically active distributes in an apparent space that approximates TBW. Na+ space that exceeds TBW uncovers nonosmotic sodium storage.
RESULTS
Na+ space approximated TBW at all times in normal and hyperbicarbonatemic animals (metabolic alkalosis and respiratory acidosis), but exceeded TBW by ~30% in hypobicarbonatemic animals (metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis). Such osmotic inactivation was detected at 30 min and remained stable. The pooled data revealed that Na+ space corrected for TBW was independent of the initial blood pH but correlated with initial extracellular bicarbonate concentration (y = -0.01x + 1.4, p= 0.002). The fate of administered sodium and bicarbonate (internal distribution and urinary excretion) was closely linked.
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that hypobicarbonatemic animals have a Na+ space that exceeds TBW after an acute infusion of hypertonic NaHCO3 indicating osmotic inactivation of a fraction of retained sodium. In addition to an expanded Na+ space, these animals have a larger HCO3- space compared with hyperbicarbonatemic animals. Both phenomena appear to reflect the wider range of titration of nonbicarbonate buffers (Δ pH) occurring during NaHCO3- loading whenever initial [HCO3-]e is low. The data indicate that the fate of administered bicarbonate drives the internal distribution and the external disposal of sodium, the co-administered cation, and is responsible for the early, but non-progressive, osmotic inactivation of a fraction of the retained sodium.
Topics: Animals; Cations, Monovalent; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypertonic Solutions; Infusions, Intravenous; Kidney; Renal Elimination; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tissue Distribution; Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
PubMed: 32069452
DOI: 10.1159/000506274 -
Nanotechnology Jul 2023The superior properties, such as large interlayer spacing and the ability to host large alkali-metal ions, of two-dimensional (2D) materials based on transition metal...
The superior properties, such as large interlayer spacing and the ability to host large alkali-metal ions, of two-dimensional (2D) materials based on transition metal di-chalcogenides (TMDs) enable next-generation battery development beyond lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. In addition, compelling but rarely inspected TMD alloys provide additional opportunities to tailor bandgap and enhance thermodynamic stability. This study explores the sodium-ion (Na-ion) and potassium-ion (K-ion) storage behavior of cation-substituted molybdenum tungsten diselenide (MoWSe), a TMD alloy. This research also investigates upper potential suspension to overcome obstacles commonly associated with TMD materials, such as capacity fading at high current rates, prolonged cycling conditions, and voltage polarization during conversion reaction. The voltage cut-off was restricted to 1.5 V, 2.0 V, and 2.5 V to realize the material's Naand Kion storage behavior. Three-dimensional (3D) surface plots of differential capacity analysis up to prolonged cycles revealed the convenience of voltage suspension as a viable method for structural preservation. Moreover, the cells with higher potential cut-off values conveyed improved cycling stability, higher and stable coulombic efficiency for Naand Kion half-cells, and increased capacity retention for Naion half-cells, respectively, with half-cells cycled at higher voltage ranges.
Topics: Sodium; Potassium; Cations; Alloys; Electric Power Supplies
PubMed: 37336199
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acdf66 -
American Journal of Kidney Diseases :... Sep 2019The discovery of sodium storage without concurrent water retention suggests the presence of an additional compartment for sodium distribution in the body. The...
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE
The discovery of sodium storage without concurrent water retention suggests the presence of an additional compartment for sodium distribution in the body. The osmoregulatory role of this compartment under hypotonic conditions is not known.
STUDY DESIGN
Experimental interventional study.
SETTING & PARTICIPANTS
Single-center study of 12 apparently healthy men.
INTERVENTION
To investigate whether sodium can be released from its nonosmotic stores after a hypotonic fluid load, a water-loading test (20mL water/kg in 20 minutes) was performed.
OUTCOMES
During a 240-minute follow-up, we compared the observed plasma sodium concentration ([Na]) and fluid and urine cation excretion with values predicted by the Barsoum-Levine and Nguyen-Kurtz formulas. These formulas are used for guidance of fluid therapy during dysnatremia, but do not account for nonosmotic sodium stores.
RESULTS
30 minutes after water loading, mean plasma [Na] decreased 3.2±1.6 (SD) mmol/L, after which plasma [Na] increased gradually. 120 minutes after water loading, plasma [Na] was significantly underestimated by the Barsoum-Levine (-1.3±1.4mmol/L; P=0.05) and Nguyen-Kurtz (-1.5±1.5mmol/L; P=0.03) formulas. In addition, the Barsoum-Levine and Nguyen-Kurtz formulas overestimated urine volume, while cation excretion was significantly underestimated, with a cation gap of 57±62 (P=0.009) and 63±63mmol (P=0.005), respectively. After 240 minutes, this gap was 28±59 (P=0.2) and 34±60mmol (P=0.08), respectively.
LIMITATIONS
The compartment from which the mobilized sodium originated was not identified, and heterogeneity in responses to water loading was observed across participants.
CONCLUSIONS
These data suggest that healthy individuals are able to mobilize osmotically inactivated sodium after an acute hypotonic fluid load. Further research is needed to expand knowledge about the compartment of osmotically inactivated sodium and its role in osmoregulation and therapy for dysnatremias.
FUNDING
This investigator-initiated study was partly supported by a grant from Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, The Netherlands B.V. (MA-2014-01914).
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Fluids; Cations; Humans; Male; Sodium; Water; Water-Electrolyte Balance; Young Adult
PubMed: 31005371
DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.02.021 -
The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B Dec 2021Although solvated electrons are a perennial subject of interest, relatively little attention has been paid to the way they behave in aqueous electrolytes....
Although solvated electrons are a perennial subject of interest, relatively little attention has been paid to the way they behave in aqueous electrolytes. Experimentally, it is known that the hydrated electron's () absorption spectrum shifts to the blue in the presence of salts, and the magnitude of the shift depends on the ion concentration and the identities of both the cation and anion. Does the blue-shift result from some type of dielectric effect from the bulk electrolyte, or are there specific interactions between the hydrated electron and ions in solution? Previous work has suggested that forms contact pairs with aqueous ions such as Na, leading to the question of what controls the stability of such contact pairs and their possible connection to the observed spectroscopy. In this work, we use mixed quantum/classical simulations to examine the nature of Na: contact pairs in water, using a novel method for quantum umbrella sampling to construct -ion potentials of mean force (PMF). We find that the nature of the contact pair PMF depends sensitively on the choice of the classical interactions used to describe the Na-water interactions. When the ion-water interactions are slightly stronger, the corresponding cation: contact pairs form at longer distances and become free energetically less stable. We show that this is because there is a delicate balance between solvation of the cation, solvation of and the direct electronic interaction between the cation and the electron, so that small changes in this balance lead to large changes in the formation and stability of -ion contact pairs. In particular, strengthening the ion-water interactions helps to maintain a favorable local solvation environment around Na, which in turn forces water molecules in the first solvation shell of the cation to be unfavorably oriented toward the electron in a contact pair; stronger solvation of the cation also reduces the electronic overlap of with Na. We also find that the calculated spectra of different models of Na: contact pairs do not shift monotonically with cation-electron distance, and that the calculated spectral shifts are about an order of magnitude larger than experiment, suggesting that isolated contact pairs are not the sole explanation for the blue-shift of the hydrated electron's spectrum in the presence of electrolytes.
Topics: Cations; Electrons; Sodium; Spectrum Analysis; Water
PubMed: 34806385
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08256 -
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry Jul 2022In this paper, we describe a method for preparing a monosulfonated dibenzo-24-crown-8 ether, DB24C8, by direct sulfonation of the parent crown (DB24C8). Since neutral...
In this paper, we describe a method for preparing a monosulfonated dibenzo-24-crown-8 ether, DB24C8, by direct sulfonation of the parent crown (DB24C8). Since neutral DB24C8 readily interacts with cationic guests, permanently charged DB24C8 is an advantageous candidate for future supramolecular applications. DB24C8 can be isolated as a sulfonic acid to be used as it is or converted to a salt of choice. The crystallographic analysis provides the first known host-guest assembly with a DB24C8-based scaffold complexing hydronium and potassium cations. Supramolecular investigations of the interactions of this anionic macrocycle with alkali cations were also performed. According to the expectations, the introduction of the sulfonic group into the DB24C8 scaffold increases the affinities of the receptor. An unusual selectivity of DB24C8 towards a sodium cation was also observed and further investigated with DFT calculations.
Topics: Cations; Crown Ethers; Sodium
PubMed: 35730366
DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00851c -
Journal of Chromatography. A Jun 2019Salt solutions are widely used as eluents for ion-exchange chromatography. In general, salts reduce the retention of applied solutes on ion-exchange columns via...
Salt solutions are widely used as eluents for ion-exchange chromatography. In general, salts reduce the retention of applied solutes on ion-exchange columns via electrostatic screening effects. The reverse phenomenon, namely, salt-enhanced retention, has not been reported. Here, we report that cations, including arginine, guanidine and sodium ions, enhance the retention of uncharged aromatic solutes on a cation-exchange resin, i.e., a negatively charged resin, with carboxyl groups, where we used alkyl gallates as model uncharged aromatic solutes and a carboxymethyl agarose gel (CM Sepharose) as a model negatively charged resin. Enhancement of retention was observed at concentrations of tens of millimolar of the salts, in which arginine hydrochloride was more effective than guanidinium salts and NaCl. Similar trends were observed for other phenolic compounds, including phenol and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the binding free energy between the alkyl gallate molecule and the CM Sepharose resin ligand molecule increased with increasing salt concentration. The increase in binding free energy caused by the salts was accounted for by the binding of the salt cations to the aromatic moiety of the alkyl gallate via cation-π interactions, leading to attenuation of intrinsic repulsive interactions between the ligand carboxyl group and the alkyl gallate aromatic moiety. Therefore, the salt-enhanced retention of the uncharged aromatic solutes on the negatively charged resins was ascribable to the increase in binding free energy induced by the cation-π interactions. This unique reverse phenomenon of the effect of salts on solute retention indicates the importance of cation-π interactions in ion-exchange chromatography. This phenomenon can be used for selective chromatographic separation of aromatic solutes, including organic solutes, proteins and nucleic acids.
Topics: Arginine; Cation Exchange Resins; Cations; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Guanidine; Ligands; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Proteins; Sodium; Sodium Chloride; Solutions
PubMed: 30833023
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.043 -
Biophysical Chemistry Jan 1978
Topics: Cations; DNA; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Models, Chemical; Sodium
PubMed: 623871
DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(78)85007-8 -
Nucleic Acids Research Jun 2022The structure and properties of DNA depend on the environment, in particular the ion atmosphere. Here, we investigate how DNA twist -one of the central properties of...
The structure and properties of DNA depend on the environment, in particular the ion atmosphere. Here, we investigate how DNA twist -one of the central properties of DNA- changes with concentration and identity of the surrounding ions. To resolve how cations influence the twist, we combine single-molecule magnetic tweezer experiments and extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Two interconnected trends are observed for monovalent alkali and divalent alkaline earth cations. First, DNA twist increases monotonously with increasing concentration for all ions investigated. Second, for a given salt concentration, DNA twist strongly depends on cation identity. At 100 mM concentration, DNA twist increases as Na+ < K+ < Rb+ < Ba2+ < Li+ ≈ Cs+ < Sr2+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+. Our molecular dynamics simulations reveal that preferential binding of the cations to the DNA backbone or the nucleobases has opposing effects on DNA twist and provides the microscopic explanation of the observed ion specificity. However, the simulations also reveal shortcomings of existing force field parameters for Cs+ and Sr2+. The comprehensive view gained from our combined approach provides a foundation for understanding and predicting cation-induced structural changes both in nature and in DNA nanotechnology.
Topics: Cations; Cations, Divalent; Cations, Monovalent; DNA; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Sodium; Sodium Chloride
PubMed: 35640616
DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac445