-
Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism:... Aug 2001In recent years, significant progress has been made in elucidating the signaling pathways activated by the growth hormone (GH) receptor. An initiating event is probably... (Review)
Review
In recent years, significant progress has been made in elucidating the signaling pathways activated by the growth hormone (GH) receptor. An initiating event is probably the activation of JAK2 (Janus kinase 2), a GH receptor-associated tyrosine kinase. Identification of the proteins recruited to the GH receptor-JAK2 complex and dissection of the signaling pathways that are subsequently activated will ultimately provide a basis for understanding GH action at the molecular level.
Topics: Animals; Enzyme Activation; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Janus Kinase 2; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; Proto-Oncogene Proteins; Receptors, Somatotropin; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 11445442
DOI: 10.1016/s1043-2760(01)00423-4 -
Monaldi Archives For Chest Disease =... Sep 2018Heart failure (HF) is a disease characterized by increasing prevalence, huge direct and indirect costs, and an ominous prognosis, worse than many cancers. At the... (Review)
Review
Heart failure (HF) is a disease characterized by increasing prevalence, huge direct and indirect costs, and an ominous prognosis, worse than many cancers. At the beginning of the 90s, growth hormone (GH) was proposed as potential adjunctive therapy in HF mostly due to its growth-promoting, vasodilating, and anti-apoptotic actions. However, although several uncontrolled clinical studies showed that GH therapy improved several cardiovascular parameters, two robust trials failed to confirm these findings. Dwelling upon potential explanations for such apparent discrepancy led to the hypothesis that HF patients exhibit an inhomogeneous basal activity of the GH/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis, ranging from GH/IGF-1 deficiency to GH resistance. This complex phenomenon was then reconsidered in the context of the so-called multiple hormone deficiency syndrome (MHD), that is the recognition that HF is characterized not only by the hyperactivation of several signaling pathways including the adrenergic, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and cytokine systems, but also by a reduced anabolic drive leading to a state of anabolic/catabolic imbalance. Mounting evidence support the concept that such imbalance is not a mere epiphenomen, since it exerts a significant impact on clinical performance and more importantly, on survival. Therefore, the paradigm shift to reconsider HF as MHD represented the underpinning to implement clinical trials focused on hormone replacement therapies in congestive heart failure (CHF). With regard to GH replacement therapy, one controlled single-blind study yielded promising results, and we are currently conducting a double-blind controlled trial, as well a large Registry study to evaluate the impact of MHD on HF progression.
Topics: Animals; Growth Hormone; Heart Failure; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I
PubMed: 30183159
DOI: 10.4081/monaldi.2018.989 -
Bioanalysis Aug 2009Detection of doping with recombinant human growth hormone is one of the challenges for antidoping analysis. This review focuses on the most important relevant... (Review)
Review
Detection of doping with recombinant human growth hormone is one of the challenges for antidoping analysis. This review focuses on the most important relevant publications that provide insight into the laboratory measurement of human growth hormone (hGH), antibodies and standards, the isoform approach and the biomarker approach. The isoform approach monitors the changes of hGH molecular isoform composition in serum and was applied at the Olympic Games in Athens in 2004, Turin in 2006 and Beijing in 2008. The markers approach detects a formula score, which reflects the changes in concentration of IGF-1 and P-III-P. All these methodologies measure the concentrations of growth hormone and its isoforms for isoform approach, or the concentrations of IGF-1 and P-III-P. All factors that affect these measurements should be taken into account for the development of methods to detect doping with recombinant hGH.
Topics: Doping in Sports; Female; Growth Hormone; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Immunoassay; Male; Protein Isoforms; Substance Abuse Detection
PubMed: 21083065
DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.85 -
The Journal of the Kansas Medical... Jul 1965
Topics: Acromegaly; Growth Hormone; Human Growth Hormone; Metabolism
PubMed: 14341396
DOI: No ID Found -
Hormone Research 2000In obesity, growth hormone (GH) secretion is impaired which is considered a consequence rather than a cause of obesity. GH regulates the expression of GH receptor and... (Review)
Review
In obesity, growth hormone (GH) secretion is impaired which is considered a consequence rather than a cause of obesity. GH regulates the expression of GH receptor and the synthesis of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in adipocytes. Although GH hyposecretion in obesity may decrease the generation of IGF-I in each adipocyte, increased amounts of IGF-I and GH-binding protein could be secreted from the excessively enlarged amounts of adipose tissue. This may contribute to the normal/high serum-IGF-I and high GH-binding protein levels in obesity. Hyperinsulinemia and increased GH receptor activity may also affect the GH-IGF-I axis. Favorable effects of GH treatment have been observed in obese children and adults. GH treatment decreases adiposity, reduces triglyceride accumulation by inhibiting lipoprotein lipase and enhances lipolysis both via increased hormone-sensitive lipase activity and via induction of beta adrenoreceptors. GH treatment also has a favorable effect on obesity-associated dyslipidemia, but the effects on insulin sensitivity have been conflicting.
Topics: Adipocytes; Animals; Carrier Proteins; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Obesity; Receptors, Somatotropin
PubMed: 10895049
DOI: 10.1159/000053211 -
Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2011Growth hormone (GH) was first used to treat a patient in 1958. For the next 25 years it was available only from cadaver sources, which was of concern because of safety... (Review)
Review
Growth hormone (GH) was first used to treat a patient in 1958. For the next 25 years it was available only from cadaver sources, which was of concern because of safety considerations and short supply. In 1985, GH produced by recombinant DNA techniques became available, expanding its possible uses. Since that time there have been three indications approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for GH-deficiency states and nine indications approved for non-GH-deficiency states. In 2003 the FDA approved GH for use in idiopathic short stature (ISS), which may indirectly cover other diagnoses that have short stature as a feature. However, coverage for GH therapy is usually more reliably obtainable for a specific indication, rather than the ISS indication. Possible future uses for GH therapy could include the treatment of syndromes such as Russell-Silver syndrome or chondrodystrophy. Other non-short-stature indications could include wound healing and burns. Other uses that have been poorly studied include aging and physical performance, in spite of the interest already shown by elite athletes in using GH. The safety profile of GH developed over the past 25 years has shown it to be a very safe hormone with few adverse events associated with it. The challenge for the future is to follow these patients into adulthood to determine whether GH therapy poses any long-term risks.
Topics: Body Height; Drug Approval; Growth Disorders; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration
PubMed: 21966214
DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S23140 -
European Journal of Endocrinology Nov 1997
Review
Topics: Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Growth Hormone; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Lipoprotein(a)
PubMed: 9405021
DOI: 10.1530/eje.0.1370450 -
Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 2000Hereditary forms of pituitary insufficiency not associated with anatomic defects of the central nervous system, hypothalamus, or pituitary are a heterogeneous group of... (Review)
Review
Hereditary forms of pituitary insufficiency not associated with anatomic defects of the central nervous system, hypothalamus, or pituitary are a heterogeneous group of disorders that result from interruptions at different points in the hypothalamic-pituitary-somatomedin-peripheral tissue axis. These different types of pituitary dwarfism can be classified on the level of the defect; mode of inheritance; whether the phenotype is isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) or combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD); whether the hormone is absent, deficient, or abnormal; and, in patients with GH resistance, whether insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is deficient due to GH receptor or IGF1 defects. Information on each disorder is summarized. More detailed information can be obtained through the electronic database Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man which is available at http://www3.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/.
Topics: Drug Resistance; Dwarfism, Pituitary; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Hypopituitarism; Mutation; Pituitary Hormones; Receptors, Somatotropin
PubMed: 11299517
DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-13473 -
L'Annee Endocrinologique 1960
Topics: Growth Hormone; Human Growth Hormone; Humans
PubMed: 14448086
DOI: No ID Found -
Biologica Latina 1957
Topics: Female; Fractures, Bone; Growth Hormone; Human Growth Hormone; Humans
PubMed: 13488946
DOI: No ID Found