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Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2023Liposomes are spherical vesicles with a wide range of sizes from nano- to micrometer scale. For the past 7-8 decades, these vesicles have gained the interest of many...
Liposomes are spherical vesicles with a wide range of sizes from nano- to micrometer scale. For the past 7-8 decades, these vesicles have gained the interest of many scientists due to their physical, chemical, and mathematical properties and for their immense utility and potential as delivery vehicles for toxic and non-toxic excipients into biological tissues. Methods related to the selection of reagents for the creation of specific liposomes of certain properties are beyond the scope of this chapter, but here, I would outline a simplistic protocol to prepare and qualify a uniform batch of simple liposomes with basic cargo. This chapter will attempt to provide the reader with a starting point for this immensely potent tool.
Topics: Liposomes; Sonication
PubMed: 36653658
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2966-6_31 -
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Nov 2022Spherical SiO nanoparticles (SSNs) have been inventively synthesized using the Stöber method with sonication at medium-high frequencies (80, 120, and 500 kHz), aiming...
Spherical SiO nanoparticles (SSNs) have been inventively synthesized using the Stöber method with sonication at medium-high frequencies (80, 120, and 500 kHz), aiming to control SSN size and shorten reaction time. Compared to the conventional method, such sonication allowed the Stöber reaction complete in 20-60 min with a low molar ratio of NHOH/tetraethyl orthosilicate (0.84). The hydrodynamic diameters of 63-117 nm of SSNs were obtained under sonication with 80, 120, and 500 kHz of ultrasonic frequencies. Moreover, the SSNs obtained were smaller at 120 kHz than at 80 kHz in a multi-frequencies ultrasonic reactor, and the SSN size decreased with increasing ultrasonic power at 20 °C, designating the sonochemical unique character, namely, the SSN-size control is associated with the number of microbubbles originated by sonication. With another 500 kHz ultrasonic bath, the optimal system temperature for producing smaller SSNs was proven to be 20 °C. Also, the SSN size decreased with increasing ultrasonic power. The smallest SSNs (63 nm, hydrodynamic diameter by QELS, or 21 nm by FESEM) were obtained by sonication at 207 W for 20 min at 20 °C. Furthermore, the SSN size increased slightly with increasing sonication time and volume, favoring the scale-up of SSNs preparation. The mechanisms of controlling the SSN size were further discussed by the radical's role and effects of ammonia and ethanol concentration.
Topics: Sonication; Silicon Dioxide; Microbubbles; Nanoparticles; Temperature
PubMed: 36182836
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106181 -
Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Aug 2021Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a relatively frequent and oftentimes devastating complication after total elbow arthroplasty (TEA). Its microbiologic diagnosis...
BACKGROUND
Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a relatively frequent and oftentimes devastating complication after total elbow arthroplasty (TEA). Its microbiologic diagnosis is usually based on periprosthetic tissue culture (hereafter referred to as tissue culture), but the sensitivity of tissue culture is variable. Although implant sonication culture has been shown to be superior to tissue culture for the diagnosis of hip and knee PJI, only a single small study (of fewer than 10 infected implants) has assessed sonication for PJI diagnosis after elbow arthroplasty.
METHODS
We retrospectively analyzed 112 sonicate fluid cultures from patients who underwent revision of a TEA at a single institution between 2007 and 2019, comparing results to those of tissue cultures. We excluded patients who had fewer than 2 tissues submitted for culture. Using the Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines to define PJI, there were 49 infected and 63 non-infected cases. Median ages in the PJI and non-infected groups were 66 and 61 years, respectively. In the non-infected group, 65% were female vs. 63% in the PJI group. We reviewed clinical characteristics and calculated the sensitivity and specificity of tissue compared with sonicate fluid culture. In addition, we compared the sensitivity of tissue culture to the combination of tissue and sonicate fluid culture.
RESULTS
The most common pathogens were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus sp (49%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (12%). Sensitivity of tissue culture was 63%, and sensitivity of sonicate fluid culture was 76% (P = .109). Specificity of tissue culture was 94% and specificity of sonicate fluid culture was 100%. Sensitivity of sonicate fluid culture in combination with tissue culture was 84% (P = .002 compared to tissue culture alone).
CONCLUSION
In this study, we found that the combination of sonicate fluid and tissue culture had a greater sensitivity than tissue culture alone for microbiologic diagnosis of PJI after TEA.
Topics: Aged; Arthritis, Infectious; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Elbow; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sonication
PubMed: 33609642
DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2021.01.023 -
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Jul 2023High-intensity ultrasound (HIU) is considered one of the promising non-chemical eco-friendly techniques used in food processing. Recently (HIU) is known to enhance food... (Review)
Review
High-intensity ultrasound (HIU) is considered one of the promising non-chemical eco-friendly techniques used in food processing. Recently (HIU) is known to enhance food quality, extraction of bioactive compounds and formulation of emulsions. Various foods are treated with ultrasound, including fats, bioactive compounds, and proteins. Regarding proteins, HIU induces acoustic cavitation and bubble formation, causing the unfolding and exposure of hydrophobic regions, resulting in functional, bioactive, and structural enhancement. This review briefly portrays the impact of HIU on the bioavailability and bioactive properties of proteins; the effect of HIU on protein allergenicity and anti-nutritional factors has also been discussed. HIU can enhance bioavailability and bioactive attributes in plants and animal-based proteins, such as antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, and peptide release. Moreover, numerous studies revealed that HIU treatment could enhance functional properties, increase the release of short-chain peptides, and decrease allergenicity. HIU could replace the chemical and heat treatments used to enhance protein bioactivity and digestibility; however, its applications are still on research and small scale, and its usage in industries is yet to be implemented.
Topics: Animals; Sonication; Chemical Phenomena; Fats; Food Handling; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
PubMed: 37271028
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106464 -
International Orthopaedics Mar 2022This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the sonication cultures according to the International Consensus Meeting 2018 criteria and to evaluate...
Sonication of explants enhances the diagnostic accuracy of synovial fluid and tissue cultures and can help determine the appropriate antibiotic therapy for prosthetic joint infections.
PURPOSES
This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the sonication cultures according to the International Consensus Meeting 2018 criteria and to evaluate the effect of sonication on the antibiotic treatment of patients.
METHODS
Sixty-four patients who were scheduled for revision hip or knee arthroplasties were included in the study. Aspiration fluid, tissue, and sonication cultures were performed from all patients and compared in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and overall accuracy. Other targets of the study were to investigate the rate of change in the antibiotic treatment.
RESULTS
The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and overall accuracy of the fluid culture obtained by the sonication method were 71.4%, 96.6%, 96.2%, 73.7%, and 82.8%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and overall accuracy of the fluid culture obtained after tissue sampling were 68.6%, 100%, 100.0%, 72.5%, and 82.8%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the sonication method and tissue culture in terms of sensitivity and specificity (p = 1.0). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and overall accuracy of the fluid culture obtained by the aspiration method were 28.6%, 93.1%, 83.3%, 51.9%, and 57.8%, respectively. Treatment change was applied in 10 (15.6%) patients.
CONCLUSION
Our prospectively collected data revealed that sonication of the explants alone did not increase the sensitivity, and we found that sonicate culture sometimes changed the antibiotic therapy strategy in patients with periprosthetic joint infection because different microorganisms were detected.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
This study was prospectively registered in a public trials registry ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ , NCT04304885).
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis, Infectious; Humans; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sonication; Synovial Fluid
PubMed: 35067748
DOI: 10.1007/s00264-021-05286-w -
Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia 2023Urinary catheter-related infection is commonly associated with bacterial biofilm. The impact of anaerobes is unknown, but their detection in the biofilm on this device...
INTRODUCTION
Urinary catheter-related infection is commonly associated with bacterial biofilm. The impact of anaerobes is unknown, but their detection in the biofilm on this device has not been previously reported. This study aimed to evaluate the capability to recovery strict, facultative, and aerobic microorganisms in patients using bladder catheters from ICUs using conventional culture, sonication, urinary analysis, and mass spectrometry.
METHODS
Parallel, sonicated bladder catheters from 29 critically ill patients were compared with their routine urine culture. Identification was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization with time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
RESULTS
The positivity rate in urine (n = 2, 3.4%) was lower than that in sonicated catheters (n = 7, 13.8%).
CONCLUSION
Bladder catheter sonication showed more positive culture results than urine samples for anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms. The role of anaerobes in urinary tract infection and catheter biofilm is discussed.
Topics: Humans; Sonication; Urinary Bladder; Catheters; Biofilms; Catheter-Related Infections; Urinary Tract Infections; Catheters, Indwelling
PubMed: 37158483
DOI: 10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2022-0129en -
IEEE Transactions on Bio-medical... Nov 2022Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is the most common and deadliest brainstem tumor in children. Focused ultrasound combined with microbubble-mediated BBB opening... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is the most common and deadliest brainstem tumor in children. Focused ultrasound combined with microbubble-mediated BBB opening (FUS-BBBO) is a promising technique for overcoming the frequently intact blood-brain barrier (BBB) in DIPG to enhance therapeutic drug delivery to the brainstem. Since DIPG is highly diffusive, large-volume FUS-BBBO is needed to cover the entire tumor region. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal treatment strategy to achieve efficient and homogeneous large-volume BBBO at the brainstem for the delivery of an immune checkpoint inhibitor, anti-PD-L1 antibody (aPD-L1).
METHODS
Two critical parameters for large-volume FUS-BBBO, multi-point sonication pattern (interleaved vs. serial) and microbubble injection method (bolus vs. infusion), were evaluated by treating mice with four combinations of these two parameters. 2D Passive cavitation imaging (PCI) was performed for monitoring the large-volume sonication.
RESULTS
Interleaved sonication combined with bolus injection of microbubbles resulted in 1.29 to 2.06 folds higher efficiency than other strategies as evaluated by Evans blue extravasation. The average coefficient of variation of the Evans blue delivery was 0.66 for interleaved sonication with bolus injection, compared to 0.68-0.88 for all other strategies. Similar trend was also observed in the quantified total cavitation dose and coefficient of variance of the cavitation dose. This strategy was then applied to deliver fluorescently labeled aPD-L1 which was quantified using fluorescence imaging. A strong segmented linear correlation (R = 0.81) was found between the total cavitation dose and the total fluorescence intensity of aPD-L1 delivered at different sonication pressures (0.15 MPa, 0.30 MPa, and 0.45 MPa).
SIGNIFICANCE
Findings from this study suggest that efficient and homogeneous large-volume FUS-BBBO can be achieved by interleaved sonication combined with bolus injection of microbubbles, and the efficiency and homogeneity can be monitored by PCI.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Blood-Brain Barrier; Drug Delivery Systems; Evans Blue; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Microbubbles; Sonication
PubMed: 35476579
DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2022.3170832 -
Water Research Sep 2012The development of cyanobacterial blooms in water bodies imparts undesirable characteristics to the water such as odours, tastes and the potential presence of toxins.... (Review)
Review
The development of cyanobacterial blooms in water bodies imparts undesirable characteristics to the water such as odours, tastes and the potential presence of toxins. Several chemical and physical methods have been used to control the blooms, but have limitations in terms of pollution and application on a large scale. A more recent approach has been the use of sonication in the control of cyanobacteria (also referred to as blue-green algae). This paper reviews current advancements in research on using sonication to control cyanobacteria, particularly Microcystis aeruginosa, as it is a prevalent and a major bloom-forming toxic species. The impact of sonication on the structure and function of M. aeruginosa is discussed, including the influence of sonication parameters such as power intensity, frequency and exposure time. Alternate strategies of cyanobacterial control in combination with sonication are also reviewed.
Topics: Cyanobacteria; Eutrophication; Photosynthesis; Sonication; Ultrasonics
PubMed: 22727861
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.054 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Feb 2019Diagnosis of persistent infection at the time of reimplantation for staged revision of infected arthroplasties is challenging. Implant sonication culture for the...
Diagnosis of persistent infection at the time of reimplantation for staged revision of infected arthroplasties is challenging. Implant sonication culture for the diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) has improved sensitivity compared to standard periprosthetic tissue culture. We report our experience with periprosthetic tissue culture and sonication culture of antimicrobial agent-containing cement spacers (ACSs) collected during second stages of staged revisions for arthroplasty infection. We studied 87 ACSs from 66 patients undergoing two-stage revision arthroplasty for PJI submitted for sonication culture, along with conventional periprosthetic tissue cultures. Two or more positive periprosthetic tissue cultures with the same organism were considered a positive tissue culture. For sonication culture, ≥20 CFU of bacteria per 10 ml of sonicate fluid was considered positive. The sensitivity and specificity of periprosthetic tissue and ACS sonication culture in detecting persistent infection, as well as their association with outcome, were assessed. Persistent infection occurred in 26% of cases. Periprosthetic tissue and sonicate fluid culture had specificities of 96.3 and 100% (0.50), respectively, and sensitivities of 31.6 and 26.3% (1.00), respectively, for the diagnosis of persistent infection. Thirteen subjects deemed not to have persistent infection at time of reimplantation and who had negative periprosthetic tissue and sonicate fluid cultures subsequently developed overt infection. Sonication culture of cement spacers identifies a similar proportion of patients with persistent infection during staged revisions, as detected by periprosthetic tissue cultures; both have low sensitivities to detect persistent infection.
Topics: Aged; Arthroplasty; Female; Humans; Joint Prosthesis; Male; Microbiological Techniques; Middle Aged; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Reoperation; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sonication; Specimen Handling
PubMed: 30541933
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01483-18 -
Food Chemistry Jan 2017Hand-pressed strawberry juice samples were subjected to sonication treatments (0, 15 and 30min at 20°C, 25kHz frequency). Physicochemical properties (°Brix, pH, water...
Hand-pressed strawberry juice samples were subjected to sonication treatments (0, 15 and 30min at 20°C, 25kHz frequency). Physicochemical properties (°Brix, pH, water activity, viscosity, titratable acidity, cloud assessment and turbidity), antioxidant compounds and activity (total phenolics, ascorbic acid, anthocyanins, free radical scavenging activity), polyphenoloxidase enzyme activity, browning degree and microbial load were evaluated. Results showed non-significant changes for °Brix, pH, water activity, titratable acidity and colour parameters in sonicated samples compared to control (0min). Sonication treatments resulted in reduced viscosity and increased cloudiness and turbidity. Overall, treatment for 30min showed significant enhancement in bioactive compounds under study. Besides, sonication treatment imparted non-significant changes in polyphenoloxidase activity and in browning degree. However, sonication was incompetent in reducing microbial load. Results generated from this study were encouraging and this is expected to provide platform for future commercial applications on a pilot scale.
Topics: Beverages; Fragaria; Sonication
PubMed: 27542500
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.160