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Neuro-Chirurgie Nov 2017In this article, we respectively describe the morphology of the spinal cord, spinal meningeal layers, main fiber tracts, and both arterial and venous distribution in... (Review)
Review
In this article, we respectively describe the morphology of the spinal cord, spinal meningeal layers, main fiber tracts, and both arterial and venous distribution in order to explain signs of spinal cord compression. We will then describe a surgical technique for spinal cord tumor removal.
Topics: Humans; Meninges; Neurosurgical Procedures; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Neoplasms
PubMed: 26249275
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2015.05.003 -
Neuroimaging Clinics of North America Nov 2019This article reviews the arterial and venous anatomy of the spine and spinal cord. Special emphasis is placed on vessels critical to the conduct and interpretation of... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the arterial and venous anatomy of the spine and spinal cord. Special emphasis is placed on vessels critical to the conduct and interpretation of spinal angiography, notably the intersegmental artery and its cranial and caudal derivatives: the vertebral, supreme intercostal, and sacral arteries.
Topics: Angiography; Humans; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 31677734
DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2019.07.007 -
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology Oct 2002Injured spinal cord regenerates in adult fish and urodele amphibians, young tadpoles of anuran amphibians, lizard tails, embryonic birds and mammals, and in adults of at... (Review)
Review
Injured spinal cord regenerates in adult fish and urodele amphibians, young tadpoles of anuran amphibians, lizard tails, embryonic birds and mammals, and in adults of at least some strains of mice. The extent of this regeneration is described with respect to axonal regrowth, neurogenesis, glial responses, and maintenance of an 'embryonic' environment. The regeneration process in amphibian spinal cord demonstrates that gap replacement and caudal regeneration share some properties with developing spinal cord. This review considers the extent to which intrinsically regenerating spinal cord demonstrates neural stem cell behavior and to what extent anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral patterning might be involved.
Topics: Animals; Nerve Regeneration; Neurons; Spinal Cord; Stem Cells
PubMed: 12324218
DOI: 10.1016/s1084952102000927 -
Biophysical Journal Jan 2020Severe injury to the mammalian spinal cord results in permanent loss of function due to the formation of a glial-fibrotic scar. Both the chemical composition and the...
Severe injury to the mammalian spinal cord results in permanent loss of function due to the formation of a glial-fibrotic scar. Both the chemical composition and the mechanical properties of the scar tissue have been implicated to inhibit neuronal regrowth and functional recovery. By contrast, adult zebrafish are able to repair spinal cord tissue and restore motor function after complete spinal cord transection owing to a complex cellular response that includes axon regrowth and is accompanied by neurogenesis. The mechanical mechanisms contributing to successful spinal cord repair in adult zebrafish are, however, currently unknown. Here, we employ atomic force microscopy-enabled nanoindentation to determine the spatial distributions of apparent elastic moduli of living spinal cord tissue sections obtained from uninjured zebrafish and at distinct time points after complete spinal cord transection. In uninjured specimens, spinal gray matter regions were stiffer than white matter regions. During regeneration after transection, the spinal cord tissues displayed a significant increase of the respective apparent elastic moduli that transiently obliterated the mechanical difference between the two types of matter before returning to baseline values after the completion of repair. Tissue stiffness correlated variably with cell number density, oligodendrocyte interconnectivity, axonal orientation, and vascularization. This work constitutes the first quantitative mapping of the spatiotemporal changes of spinal cord tissue stiffness in regenerating adult zebrafish and provides the tissue mechanical basis for future studies into the role of mechanosensing in spinal cord repair.
Topics: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Mechanical Phenomena; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Regeneration; Zebrafish
PubMed: 31870536
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.10.044 -
Developmental Neurobiology May 2019The spinal cord of the teleost fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus continues to grow during adulthood, in concert with the overall body growth. Immunohistological studies,... (Review)
Review
The spinal cord of the teleost fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus continues to grow during adulthood, in concert with the overall body growth. Immunohistological studies, combined with mathematical modeling, suggest that this growth is driven by proliferative activity of Sox2-expressing stem/progenitor cells (SPCs) and by cell drift due to population pressure. The SPCs exhibit high volumetric density in the caudal filament and the ependymal layer. Nevertheless, the majority of these cells are found in the parenchyma throughout the rostro-caudal axis of the spinal cord, albeit at much lower volumetric densities than in the ependymal layer. The SPCs give rise, via transit-amplifying cells, to neurons and glia. The relative number of neurons and glia is primarily regulated through apoptosis of supernumerary neurons. Quantitative analysis has demonstrated that the continued cell proliferation results in additive neurogenesis. This addition includes adult-born spinal electromotoneurons, thereby resulting in a continuous increase in the amplitude of the fish's electric organ discharge during adult life. Amputation of the caudal part of the spinal cord induces initially a degenerative response, dominated by massive apoptotic cell death in spinal cord tissue immediately rostral to the injury site, and distinguished by a partial loss of the electric organ discharge amplitude. This phase is followed by a regenerative response, characterized by absence of gliosis and by rapid stem-cell-driven tissue regrowth. Although the quality of the regenerated tissue is variable among individuals, the structural repair has led in every fish examined thus far to full recovery of the electric organ discharge amplitude.
Topics: Adult Stem Cells; Animals; Fishes; Nerve Regeneration; Neural Stem Cells; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Injuries
PubMed: 30829442
DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22672 -
Journal of Neurotrauma Mar 1992Spinal cord injury models continue to be used to learn more about the pathophysiology of injury as well as potential therapeutic interventions. Most researchers now rely... (Review)
Review
Spinal cord injury models continue to be used to learn more about the pathophysiology of injury as well as potential therapeutic interventions. Most researchers now rely on rat models of injury with injury produced by impact, compression, or even photochemical techniques. A number of laboratories have confirmed that reproducible and graded injury can be produced in the rat with outcome monitored by behavioral, neurophysiologic, and morphologic analyses. Biochemical, physiologic, and pharmacologic studies with these models are being used to further define factors that contribute to chronic injury and thus may be the subject of therapeutic intervention. In addition, a new approach to therapy is being explored via implantation of cells into the injured spinal cord. Cell suspensions can be implanted in clinically relevant injury models without exacerbating the effects of injury and with some indications of beneficial effect. The potential usefulness of such an approach is just beginning to be evaluated.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Nerve Regeneration; Rats; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Injuries
PubMed: 1588603
DOI: No ID Found -
Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia Jul 2021The spinal cord harbours nerve fibres that facilitate reflex actions and that transmit impulses to and from the brain. The cervical spinal cord is an area of particular...
The spinal cord harbours nerve fibres that facilitate reflex actions and that transmit impulses to and from the brain. The cervical spinal cord is an area of particular interest in medicine and veterinary due to frequent pathologic alterations in this region. This study describes the morphometric features of the cervical spinal cord in cat using design-unbiased stereological methods. The cervical spinal cords of four male cats were dissected and samples were taken according to systematic uniform random sampling. Each sample was embedded in agar and cut into 60-µm thick sections and stained with cresyl violet 0.1% for stereological estimations. The total cervical spinal cord volume obtained by the Cavalieri estimator was 2,321.21 ± 285.5 mm . The relative volume of grey matter and white matter was 23.8 ± 1.3% and 76.1 ± 1.3%. The dorsal horn and ventral horn volume were 12.3 ± 1.2% and 11.4 ± 0.7% of the whole cervical spinal cord. The volume of central canal was estimated to 3.8 ± 1 mm . The total number of neurons was accounted 3,405,366.2 ± 267,469.4 using the optical disector/fractionator method. The number of motoneurons and interneurons was estimated to be 1,120,433.2 ± 174,796.7 and 2,284,932.9 ± 127,261.5, respectively. The average volume of the motoneurons and interneurons was estimated to 1980 µm and 680 µm , respectively, using the spatial rotator method. This knowledge of cat spinal cord findings may serve as a foundation as a translational model in spinal cord experimental research and provide basic findings for diagnosis and treatment of spinal cord disorders.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Cervical Cord; Gray Matter; Male; Motor Neurons; Spinal Cord; White Matter
PubMed: 34137069
DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12719 -
Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.) Jan 2007The split spinal cord is a rare congenital malformation. We report the rare finding of a split cord malformation in a young girl. Further evaluation of this anomaly... (Review)
Review
The split spinal cord is a rare congenital malformation. We report the rare finding of a split cord malformation in a young girl. Further evaluation of this anomaly revealed a Type I split cord malformation (midline bony septation), with no other concomitant pathological entities. Various hypotheses have been made regarding the embryology of this unusual form of spinal dysraphism, and these are reviewed along with the common clinical manifestations of this intriguing pathological entity.
Topics: Child; Female; Humans; Radiography; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 16302245
DOI: 10.1002/ca.20248 -
World Neurosurgery Aug 2022The ischemia/reperfusion mechanism is believed to be responsible for parenchymal damage caused by temporary hypoperfusion and worsened by the subsequent attempt of...
The ischemia/reperfusion mechanism is believed to be responsible for parenchymal damage caused by temporary hypoperfusion and worsened by the subsequent attempt of reperfusion. This represents a true challenge for physicians of several fields, including neurosurgeons. A limited number of papers have shed the light on a rare pathologic condition that affects patients experiencing an unexplained neurologic deficit after spine surgery, the so-called "white cord syndrome." This entity is believed to be caused by an "ischemia/reperfusion" injury on the spinal cord, documented by a postoperative intramedullary hyperintensity on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequences. To date, the cases of white cord syndrome reported in literature mostly refer to cervical spine surgery. However, the analysis of several reviews focusing on spine surgery outcome suggests postoperative neurologic deficits of new onset could be charged to a mechanism of ischemia/reperfusion, even if the physiopathology of this event is seldom explored or at least discussed. The same neuroradiologic finding can suggest mechanical damage due to inappropriate surgical manipulation. On this purpose, we performed a systematic review of the literature with the aim to identify and analyze all the factors potentially contributing to ischemic/reperfusion damage of the spinal cord that may potentially complicate any spinal surgery, without distinction between cervical or thoracic segments. Finally, we believe that postoperative neurologic deficit after spinal surgery constituting the "white cord syndrome" could be under-reported; both neurosurgeons and patients should be fully aware of this rare but potentially devasting complication burdening cervical and thoracic spine surgery.
Topics: Cervical Vertebrae; Decompression, Surgical; Hemodynamics; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Spinal Cord; Spinal Fusion
PubMed: 35589039
DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.05.012 -
Der Radiologe May 2012Infarction of the spinal cord can cause a variety of symptoms and neurological deficits because of the complex vascular supply of the myelon. The most common leading...
Infarction of the spinal cord can cause a variety of symptoms and neurological deficits because of the complex vascular supply of the myelon. The most common leading symptom is distal paresis ranging from paraparesis to tetraplegia caused by arterial ischemia or infarction of the myelon. Venous infarction, however, cannot always be distinguished from arterial infarction based on the symptoms alone.Modern imaging techniques, such as computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) assist in preoperative planning of aortic operations to reliably identify not only the most important vascular structure supplying the spinal cord, the artery of Adamkiewicz, but also other pathologies such as tumors or infectious disorders. In contrast to CT, MRI can reliably depict infarction of the spinal cord.
Topics: Humans; Image Enhancement; Infarction; Magnetic Resonance Angiography; Spinal Cord; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 22584481
DOI: 10.1007/s00117-011-2292-x