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Journal of Neurointerventional Surgery Jan 2012In this article, a detailed description of the normal arterial supply and venous drainage of the spinal cord is provided, and the role of catheter angiography and MR... (Review)
Review
In this article, a detailed description of the normal arterial supply and venous drainage of the spinal cord is provided, and the role of catheter angiography and MR angiography in depicting the vascular anatomy of the spinal cord is discussed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Angiography; Radiography; Spinal Cord; Vertebral Artery
PubMed: 21990489
DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2011-010018 -
Neurologic Clinics Feb 2013Vascular disease affecting the spinal can cause substantial neurologic morbidity. Several vascular spinal cord ailments present as neurologic emergencies, and should... (Review)
Review
Vascular disease affecting the spinal can cause substantial neurologic morbidity. Several vascular spinal cord ailments present as neurologic emergencies, and should thus be recognizable to the practicing neurologist. We review the epidemiology, presentation, management strategies, and prognosis of various pathologies, including infarction, dural arteriovenous fistula, arteriovenous malformation, cavernous malformation, compressive epidural hematoma, vasculitis, and genetic abnormalities.
Topics: Humans; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Diseases; Vascular Diseases
PubMed: 23186899
DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2012.09.004 -
Development (Cambridge, England) Mar 2015The spinal cord constitutes an excellent model system for studying development and regeneration of a functional nervous system, from specification of its precursors to... (Review)
Review
The spinal cord constitutes an excellent model system for studying development and regeneration of a functional nervous system, from specification of its precursors to circuit formation. The latest advances in the field of spinal cord development and its regeneration following damage were discussed at a recent EMBO workshop 'Spinal cord development and regeneration' in Sitges, Spain (October, 2014), highlighting the use of direct visualization of cellular processes, genome-wide molecular techniques and the development of methods for directed stem cell differentiation and regeneration.
Topics: Animals; Cell Cycle; Humans; Models, Biological; Neural Tube; Neurogenesis; Regeneration; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 25715392
DOI: 10.1242/dev.121053 -
Developmental Biology Dec 2017
Topics: Animals; Central Nervous System; Humans; Models, Neurological; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Injuries; Spinal Cord Regeneration
PubMed: 29030145
DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.005 -
Progress in Brain Research 2011It is well established that a spinal circuitry can generate locomotor movements of the hindlimbs in absence of descending supraspinal inputs. This is based, among... (Review)
Review
It is well established that a spinal circuitry can generate locomotor movements of the hindlimbs in absence of descending supraspinal inputs. This is based, among others, on the observation that after a complete spinalization, cats can walk with the hindlimbs on a treadmill. Does this spinal pattern generator (CPG) also participate in the recovery of locomotion after a partial spinal cord lesion (SCI)? After such SCI, functional reorganization can occur spontaneously along the whole neuraxis, namely the spinal cord circuitry below the lesion (CPG) and in supraspinal structures still partially connected to the spinal cord. This review focuses mainly on the capacity of the spinal and supraspinal structures to reorganize spontaneously after incomplete SCI in animals (rats and cats). BMI approaches to foster recovery of functions after various types of SCI should take into account these changes at the various levels of the CNS.
Topics: Animals; Central Nervous System; Hindlimb; Locomotion; Nerve Regeneration; Neuronal Plasticity; Recovery of Function; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Injuries
PubMed: 21867804
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53815-4.00007-8 -
Neurosurgery Nov 2006Spinal cord arteriovenous malformations are rare lesions that represent one-tenth of the brain arteriovenous malformations. Depending on their location and relationship... (Review)
Review
Spinal cord arteriovenous malformations are rare lesions that represent one-tenth of the brain arteriovenous malformations. Depending on their location and relationship to the dura, these lesions are divided into four categories. Their clinical manifestations may vary from mild symptoms to severe motor deficits. Spinal angiography remains the "gold standard" for diagnosing spinal cord vascular lesions. Although the type of shunting remains difficult to determine by the magnetic resonance imaging, it is well analyzed by spinal angiography. The cure of the shunting is not by itself a therapeutic goal, but the objective is the creation of a new hemodynamic equilibrium between the lesion and the spinal cord to decrease the risk of hemorrhage and prevent the progression of the spinal cord ischemia. The endovascular tools seem to be a reasonable therapeutic option for the treatment of the majority of the spinal cord arteriovenous malformations.
Topics: Arteriovenous Malformations; Embolization, Therapeutic; Hemostatics; Humans; Neurosurgical Procedures; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Spinal Cord; Vascular Surgical Procedures
PubMed: 17053604
DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000237409.28906.96 -
Spine Jul 2002A literature review was conducted. (Review)
Review
STUDY DESIGN
A literature review was conducted.
OBJECTIVES
To review animal models and injury paradigms used in the neurobiologic study of spinal cord regeneration, and to assist the spinal clinician in interpreting the many encouraging reports of potential therapies emerging from basic science laboratories.
SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA
An enormous amount of interest in spinal cord regeneration research has been generated within the past 20 years with the hope that experimental therapies will become available for individuals with spinal cord injuries. The use of various animal models in the laboratory setting has been critical to the development of such experimental therapies.
METHODS
A literature review was conducted.
RESULTS
Experimental interventions in animal models of spinal cord injury were evaluated both anatomically and functionally. Anatomic assessments use various histologic techniques and frequently include the use of anterograde and retrograde axonal tracers. Functional assessments can be performed neurophysiologically or by the observation of motor and sensory performance on a number of different tests. Sharp spinal cord injury paradigms in which the cord is completely or partially transected are useful for assessing axonal regeneration anatomically. In contrast, blunt injury models in which the cord is compressed or contused more accurately mimic the typical human injury and provide a good setting for the study of secondary pathophysiologic processes immediately after injury.
CONCLUSIONS
Animal models will continue to play a critical role in the development of experimental therapies for spinal cord injuries. Both sharp and blunt spinal cord injury paradigms have unique characteristics that make them useful in addressing slightly different neurobiologic problems.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Nerve Regeneration; Research Design; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Compression; Spinal Cord Injuries
PubMed: 12131708
DOI: 10.1097/00007632-200207150-00005 -
Experimental Neurology Dec 2015The development of the spinal cord represents one of the most complex structure developments of the central nervous system (CNS) as it has to unfold along the... (Review)
Review
The development of the spinal cord represents one of the most complex structure developments of the central nervous system (CNS) as it has to unfold along the longitudinal axis and within segmental cues. There it has to cope with on the one hand connection to the periphery (skeletal muscle, dermomyotome, smooth muscles) and connect it to the higher midbrain and cortical regions of the CNS. Major studies have been performed to analyze the specific subset of transcription factors of the different types of cells within the different segments of the spinal cord. But transcription factor expression is always a result of cellular positioning as the environment defines the intracellular changes during differentiation and in adulthood. The surrounding composed of mainly extracellular matrix does not only provide a "glue" to attach cells to each other but also provides signals with special domains docking to cell surface receptors and presents soluble molecules such as basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGFs) or Wnt-proteins. The availability of these molecules depends on the matrix composition and influences the transcription factor code of each cell. Recent research has also provided strong evidence that depletion of single matrix molecules like Tenascin C (TnC) can lead to developmental changes within the progenitor pools. Therefore beyond the transcription factor code that defines cellular properties we want to focus on the role of the extracellular matrix in the development of the spinal cord.
Topics: Animals; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 26028310
DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.05.018 -
Neurologic Clinics Aug 1991To properly diagnose and manage, spinal cord disease, it is necessary first to understand anatomic organization. This article discusses the external morphology and blood... (Review)
Review
To properly diagnose and manage, spinal cord disease, it is necessary first to understand anatomic organization. This article discusses the external morphology and blood supply of the spinal cord, its internal neuronal organization, and several anatomofunctional correlations.
Topics: Humans; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 1921943
DOI: No ID Found -
Neurologic Clinics Aug 1991Current textbooks still feature overly simplistic approaches to spinal cord function. Medical training still emphasizes the notion of stereotyped spinal reflex responses... (Review)
Review
Current textbooks still feature overly simplistic approaches to spinal cord function. Medical training still emphasizes the notion of stereotyped spinal reflex responses fixed by rigid neuronal connections. These assumptions must be replaced by recognizing (1) that descending and sensory information converges on the same sets of interneurons, (2) that the effects of different classes of afferents from muscle, joints, and skin act together in different combinations as a result of convergence, (3) that the flexibility of reflex responses is determined in large measure by the excitability of interneurons, (4) that conventional and monoamine transmitters act and interact to adjust neuronal excitability and transmission in reflex pathways, and finally (5) that rhythmic movements are largely determined by intraspinal circuitry.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Movement; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Reflex; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 1921945
DOI: No ID Found