-
Experimental Brain Research 1985Fetal spinal cord tissue was grafted to the anterior chamber of the eye of adult recipients. Transverse segments from the cervical and high thoracic levels were divided...
Fetal spinal cord tissue was grafted to the anterior chamber of the eye of adult recipients. Transverse segments from the cervical and high thoracic levels were divided in halves which were grafted directly or further divided into ventral horn and dorsal horn parts before grafting. Survival and intraocular growth was monitored through the cornea. Grafts from E14 to E16 grew to final sizes several times the initial size. The final size of E17 grafts was approximately similar to the initial size, while the final size of E18 and E19 grafts was considerably smaller than the size at grafting. All grafts were well vascularized from the host iris. Grafts from younger donors contained several neurons typical of spinal cord including alpha-moto-neuron-type cells. Cells were found in clusters in gray matter areas surrounded by white matter. Extracellular recording revealed many spontaneously active cells. Several had high sustained discharge (10-25 Hz) and large amplitudes. Many cells could be excited by stimulation of the graft surface via activation of local afferents. It is concluded that the capacity of fetal spinal cord tissue to survive grafting to the eye chamber is inversely related to the donor age. Before E17, large grafts retaining several morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of spinal cord are obtained. The intraocular spinal cord graft provides a useful model for studies of spinal cord development and, using co-grafting techniques, a model for spinal cord regeneration and functional connectivity.
Topics: Animals; Electrophysiology; Female; Fetus; Graft Survival; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Regeneration; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 4043280
DOI: 10.1007/BF00237016 -
Journal of Neurointerventional Surgery May 2012
Topics: Animals; Humans; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 22434901
DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2012-010333 -
Spinal Cord Oct 2016
Topics: Animals; Humans; Radiography; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Injuries
PubMed: 27713553
DOI: 10.1038/sc.2016.141 -
Neuromodulation : Journal of the... Jun 2014While generally knowledgeable about spinal cord anatomy and physiology, most interventional pain physicians do not often use this information to improve the safety and...
INTRODUCTION
While generally knowledgeable about spinal cord anatomy and physiology, most interventional pain physicians do not often use this information to improve the safety and efficacy of spinal neuromodulation procedures.
METHODS
The anatomy and physiology of the spinal canal and spinal cord are reviewed and interpreted through the context of spinal neuromodulation.
RESULTS
Based upon common features of global spinal anatomy and significant regional local differences, recommendations that may impact the choice of neuromodulation procedures and the devices and approaches for administering such procedures are suggested.
CONCLUSIONS
By carefully considering differences in regional spinal anatomy and physiology, interventional pain physicians may be able to improve both the safety and efficacy of spinal neuromodulation for intractable pain.
Topics: Chronic Pain; Humans; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Stimulation
PubMed: 24974771
DOI: 10.1111/ner.12175 -
Progress in Neurobiology 1989
Review
Topics: Animals; Neurotransmitter Agents; Spinal Cord; Synaptic Transmission
PubMed: 2573110
DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(89)90003-8 -
Annals of Anatomy = Anatomischer... Apr 1992
Review
Topics: Animals; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immunohistochemistry; Mammals; Neurons; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 1616133
DOI: 10.1016/s0940-9602(11)80327-4 -
NeuroImage Jul 2023The investigation of spontaneous fluctuations of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal has recently been extended from the brain to the spinal cord, where it...
The investigation of spontaneous fluctuations of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal has recently been extended from the brain to the spinal cord, where it has stimulated interest from a clinical perspective. A number of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have demonstrated robust functional connectivity between the time series of BOLD fluctuations in bilateral dorsal horns and between those in bilateral ventral horns, in line with the functional neuroanatomy of the spinal cord. A necessary step prior to extension to clinical studies is assessing the reliability of such resting-state signals, which we aimed to do here in a group of 45 healthy young adults at the clinically prevalent field strength of 3T. When investigating connectivity in the entire cervical spinal cord, we observed fair to good reliability for dorsal-dorsal and ventral-ventral connectivity, whereas reliability was poor for within- and between-hemicord dorsal-ventral connectivity. Considering how prone spinal cord fMRI is to noise, we extensively investigated the impact of distinct noise sources and made two crucial observations: removal of physiological noise led to a reduction in functional connectivity strength and reliability - due to the removal of stable and participant-specific noise patterns - whereas removal of thermal noise considerably increased the detectability of functional connectivity without a clear influence on reliability. Finally, we also assessed connectivity within spinal cord segments and observed that while the pattern of connectivity was similar to that of whole cervical cord, reliability at the level of single segments was consistently poor. Taken together, our results demonstrate the presence of reliable resting-state functional connectivity in the human spinal cord even after thoroughly accounting for physiological and thermal noise, but at the same time urge caution if focal changes in connectivity (e.g. due to segmental lesions) are to be studied, especially in a longitudinal manner.
Topics: Young Adult; Animals; Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Spinal Cord; Cervical Cord; Brain; Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 37142169
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120152 -
The Journal of Neuroscience : the... Nov 2017Locomotion is common to all animals and is essential for survival. Neural circuits located in the spinal cord have been shown to be necessary and sufficient for the... (Review)
Review
Locomotion is common to all animals and is essential for survival. Neural circuits located in the spinal cord have been shown to be necessary and sufficient for the generation and control of the basic locomotor rhythm by activating muscles on either side of the body in a specific sequence. Activity in these neural circuits determines the speed, gait pattern, and direction of movement, so the specific locomotor pattern generated relies on the diversity of the neurons within spinal locomotor circuits. Here, we review findings demonstrating that developmental genetics can be used to identify populations of neurons that comprise these circuits and focus on recent work indicating that many of these populations can be further subdivided into distinct subtypes, with each likely to play complementary functions during locomotion. Finally, we discuss data describing the manner in which these populations interact with each other to produce efficient, task-dependent locomotion.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Interneurons; Locomotion; Motor Neurons; Nerve Net; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 29118212
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1829-17.2017 -
Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.) Feb 2015
Topics: Humans; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Diseases
PubMed: 25651214
DOI: 10.1212/01.CON.0000461081.48747.10 -
Pediatric Radiology Mar 2011We illustrate the contribution of high-frequency linear abdominal transducers in the prenatal US examination of the spinal cord. After birth, such transducers are...
We illustrate the contribution of high-frequency linear abdominal transducers in the prenatal US examination of the spinal cord. After birth, such transducers are commonly used in US examination of the spinal cord. During the third trimester of gestation, the fetal spine is commonly facing anteriorly and US images of the spinal cord can be acquired using a high-frequency linear abdominal transducer. Images of the normal spinal cord, normal variants (ventriculus terminalis, cyst of filum terminale) and spinal cord abnormalities (myelomeningocele, meningocele, diastematomyelia, tethered spinal cord and caudal regression syndrome) are presented. In this pictorial essay, comparison between images acquired with low- and high-frequency transducers are provided as well as correlation with postnatal data. In the normal spine, anatomical details such as the conus medullaris, the filum terminale and the nerve root bundles are exquisitely depicted, making it possible to differentiate normal variants from abnormalities. In abnormal cases, the position of the conus medullaris, its shape and the nerve roots can be analyzed in detail. We describe the benefits of using high-frequency linear transducers in US examination of the spinal cord, which is common after birth but has not been hitherto reported in fetuses.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Spinal Cord; Transducers; Ultrasonography, Prenatal
PubMed: 21221567
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-010-1922-1