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Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology Mar 2021The unique architecture of the spleen enables it to play a key role in the interactions between the circulatory, reticuloendothelial and immune systems. Response to... (Review)
Review
The unique architecture of the spleen enables it to play a key role in the interactions between the circulatory, reticuloendothelial and immune systems. Response to circulating antigens in the setting of infection, autoimmune disease or other conditions may result in a range of benign lymphoid proliferations. Moreover, patients with underlying immune deficiency may also show abnormal lymphoid proliferations within the spleen. This review will highlight the histologic, immunophenotypic and clinical features of reactive lymphoid proliferations to aid in their recognition and provide a context for understanding their development in relation to normal splenic structure and function.
Topics: Humans; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Spleen
PubMed: 32591155
DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2020.06.003 -
Lymphology Jun 1983Embryogenesis and later development of the spleen's hematologic and immune functions involves ingrowth of vascular channels, influx of reticular cells and related... (Review)
Review
Embryogenesis and later development of the spleen's hematologic and immune functions involves ingrowth of vascular channels, influx of reticular cells and related byproducts to form a filtering network, migration of cells from other organs such as bone marrow and thymus, and final maturation of transient and resident cell populations.
Topics: Animals; Erythrocytes; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Lymphocytes; Spleen
PubMed: 6350736
DOI: No ID Found -
BioEssays : News and Reviews in... Feb 2007The vertebrate spleen has important functions in immunity and haematopoiesis, many of which have been well studied. In contrast, we know much less about the mechanisms... (Review)
Review
The vertebrate spleen has important functions in immunity and haematopoiesis, many of which have been well studied. In contrast, we know much less about the mechanisms governing its early embryonic development. However, as a result of work over the past decade-mostly using knockout mice--significant progress has been made in unravelling the genetic processes governing the spleen's early development. Key genetic regulators, such as Tlx1 and Pbx1, have been identified, and we know some of the early transcriptional hierarchies that control the early patterning and proliferation of the splenic primordium. In mouse and humans, asplenia can arise as a result of laterality defects, or the spleen can be absent with no other discernible abnormalities. Surprisingly, given the spleen's diverse functions, asplenic individuals suffer no major haematopoietic or immune defects apart from a susceptibility to infection with encapsulated bacteria. Recent evidence has shed light on a previously unknown role of the spleen in the development and maintenance of specific B cell populations that are involved in the initial response to infection caused by encapsulated bacteria. The lack of these populations in asplenic mice and humans may go some way to explaining this susceptibility.
Topics: Animals; Embryonic Development; Hematopoiesis, Extramedullary; Humans; Immunity; Species Specificity; Spleen
PubMed: 17226804
DOI: 10.1002/bies.20528 -
Seminars in Nuclear Medicine Jul 1985Despite the fact that the spleen has multiple functions, only one has been widely used for evaluation of the organ by imaging techniques (phagocytosis of 99mTc sulfur... (Review)
Review
Despite the fact that the spleen has multiple functions, only one has been widely used for evaluation of the organ by imaging techniques (phagocytosis of 99mTc sulfur colloid). The usual splenic uptake of this radiocolloid can by used to determine the size, location, and integrity of the organ. A major use of splenic radiocolloid imaging has been in the study of congenital defects. Thus, eventration of the diaphragm, accessory spleens, splenogonadal fusion, the asplenia and polysplenia syndromes, and the wandering spleen are amenable to study by means of intravenously administered radiocolloid. Interference with the splenic uptake of radiocolloid can be either focal or generalized (as in functional asplenia). Imaging of the spleen has a major role in evaluating suspected trauma of the organ and in following its clinical course. The return of splenic function after splenectomy (splenosis or accessory spleens) can be documented by radionuclide imaging, and likely by hematologic techniques when the volume of tissue is sufficiently large. The detection of intrasplenic lesions is important in tumor staging and as an alerting sign to an ongoing process.
Topics: Abscess; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Cysts; Diaphragmatic Eventration; Humans; Hypersplenism; Phagocytosis; Postoperative Complications; Radiation Dosage; Radionuclide Imaging; Spleen; Splenic Diseases; Splenic Neoplasms; Splenic Rupture; Splenomegaly; Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid
PubMed: 3898381
DOI: 10.1016/s0001-2998(85)80005-2 -
Poultry Science Aug 2020The spleen is the largest peripheral lymphoid organ and an important site of immune response, in which the blood-spleen barrier (BSB) plays a significant role to resist...
The spleen is the largest peripheral lymphoid organ and an important site of immune response, in which the blood-spleen barrier (BSB) plays a significant role to resist various pathogens. The BSB structure of duck spleen is different from that of chicken and mammals. However, no information about the development of BSB after the postembryonic age has been reported in ducks. The current study observed the spleen of 1, 7, 14, 21, 35, and 60-day-old ducks by light and electron microscopy to analyze the cellular structural development. The results showed that the spleen index was continuously increased from 1 to 14-day-old ducks. During their early age, the spleen of ducks showed no definite zone of white and red pulp, but the area of the white pulp was large compared to that of the red pulp. The diameter of the ellipsoid was constantly increased in up to 35-day-old duck spleen, while the periellipsoidal lymphatic sheath (PELS) and periarterial lymphatic sheath continuously developed after 1 D. The reticular fibers developed with age; their branching reached the ellipsoidal wall to show a developed framework in the BSB of 14-day-old ducks. After 7 D, the endothelial cells of the sheathed capillary showed a typical cuboidal shape; between these cells, the gaps increased as age advanced, while the thickness of the basement membrane and collagen fibers increased in 35-day-old ducks. The mechanical filtration function of BSB by intravenous injection showed a 1-layer ring of carbon particles restricted in the white pulp in 1-day-old duck spleen; however, in 14 to 60 D, these particles were restricted in the ellipsoid and PELS, forming 2-layer rings of carbon particles. Collectively, the cellular features of the duck BSB developed up to 35 D of postembryonic age to perform their immune function.
Topics: Animals; Ducks; Endothelial Cells; Immunity; Spleen
PubMed: 32731968
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.012 -
Immunology Letters Jul 2018The full development of the mammalian immune system occurs after birth upon exposure to non self-antigens. The gut is the first site of bacterial colonization where it...
The full development of the mammalian immune system occurs after birth upon exposure to non self-antigens. The gut is the first site of bacterial colonization where it is crucial to create the appropriate microenvironment able to balance effector or tolerogenic responses to external stimuli. It is a well-established fact that at mucosal sites bacteria play a key role in developing the immune system but we ignore how colonising bacteria impact the maturation of the spleen. Here we addressed this issue. Taking advantage of the fact that milk SIgA regulates bacterial colonization of the newborn intestine, we generated immunocompetent mice born either from IgA pro-efficient or IgA deficient females. Having demonstrated that SIgA in maternal milk modulates neonatal gut microbiota by promoting an increased diversity of the colonizing species we also found that immunocompetent pups, not exposed to milk SIgA, fail to properly develop the FDC network and primary follicles in the spleen compromising the response to T-dependent antigens. The presence of a less diverse microbiota with a higher representation of pathogenic species leads to a fast replenishment of the marginal zone and the IgM plasma cell compartment of the spleen as well as IgA plasma cells in the gut.
Topics: Animals; B-Lymphocytes; DNA-Binding Proteins; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Mutant Strains; Spleen; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 29715493
DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.04.010 -
BMC Genomics Aug 2023Numerous circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been recently identified in porcine tissues and cell types. Nevertheless, their significance in porcine spleen development is yet...
BACKGROUND
Numerous circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been recently identified in porcine tissues and cell types. Nevertheless, their significance in porcine spleen development is yet unelucidated. Herein, we reported an extensive overlook of circRNA expression profile during spleen development in Meishan pigs.
RESULTS
Overall, 39,641 circRNAs were identified from 6,914 host genes. Among them, many circRNAs are up- or down-regulated at different time points of pig spleen development. Using WGCNA analysis, we revealed two essential modules for protein-coding genes and circRNAs. Subsequent correlation analysis revealed 67 circRNAs/co-expressed genes that participated in immnue-associated networks. Furthermore, a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network analysis of circRNAs revealed that 12 circRNAs modulated CD226, MBD2, SAMD3, SIT1, SRP14, SYTL3 gene expressions via acting as miRNA sponges. Moreover, the circRNA_21767/miR-202-3p axis regulated SIT1 expression in a ceRNA manner, which is critical for the immune-based regulation of spleen development in Meishan pigs.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, our results demonstrated that the circRNAs were differentially expressed during different stages of porcine spleen development, meanwhile the circRNAs interacted with immune-related genes in a ceRNA-based fashion. Moreover, we presented biomedical researchers with RNAseqTools, a user-friendly and powerful software for the visualization of transcriptome profile data.
Topics: Animals; DNA-Binding Proteins; MicroRNAs; RNA, Circular; Spleen; Swine; Genome-Wide Association Study; China
PubMed: 37612620
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09612-x -
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA Oct 2007This study was aimed to determine the location and development of the spleen in the human fetuses.
OBJECTIVE
This study was aimed to determine the location and development of the spleen in the human fetuses.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was carried on 141 dead human fetuses aged between 9 and 40 weeks with no marked pathology and anomaly in the years 2002-2003. The location of spleen with the neighboring structures, the existence of accessory spleens, notches on the borders, fissures on the surfaces, major ligaments and the shape of spleen and its hilum were established. The spleen was completely observed intraperitoneally (except at the hilum), in the left hypochondrium throughout the fetal period. The length, width, thickness, weight, volume, and the hilum dimensions of spleen were measured.
RESULTS
The dimensions, weight, and volume of the spleen were increased with the gestational age, and positive significant correlations were determined (P < 0.001). There was no difference between sexes in all parameters (P > 0.05). The length of the spleen has ranged between 3.1 and 35.6 mm, between 9 weeks old and 40-week-old fetuses, respectively. One or more accessory spleens have been found in 14% of cases.
CONCLUSION
The measurements and location of the spleen according to the gestational age were determined by the present study. The expression of morphometric parameters of the spleen at different gestational ages can be used in determination of pathologies of the spleen and may also contribute to future studies on this issue.
Topics: Biometry; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Male; Organ Size; Spleen
PubMed: 17671754
DOI: 10.1007/s00276-007-0240-2 -
Journal of Fish Diseases Aug 2020The severe mortality of fish due to the infection of megalocytivirus caused significant economic losses. Since 2011, megalocytivirus (giant gourami iridovirus (GGIV))...
The severe mortality of fish due to the infection of megalocytivirus caused significant economic losses. Since 2011, megalocytivirus (giant gourami iridovirus (GGIV)) has become the main pathogen in giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy), particularly in West Java, Central Java and Bali. This study aimed to develop primary cell culture from spleen as the target organ for propagating megalocytivirus in vitro, which was developed by explant method with enzymatic dissociation. Optimization was carried out at incubation temperature, medium and serum concentrations. The origin of the primary cell, cell susceptibility and GGIV pathogenicity were observed. The results showed that the primary cell (GP cells) can grow well in 10% foetal bovine serum L-15 medium at 27°C, which was sufficient for cell growth. PCR and BLAST analyses showed the primary cell was originated from giant gourami. In infected GP cells, cell enlargement and cell rounding were observed. Virus propagated in GP cells was highly virulent when injecting giant gourami in an artificial infection experiment. Intraperitoneal injection of diluted virus supernatant showed 100% mortality in 7-11 days post-injection and 97% mortality in 21 days post-cohabitation, with abnormalities observed in spleen and kidney. In conclusion, GP cell was successfully subcultured for more than 30 passages and susceptible to GGIV.
Topics: Animals; DNA Virus Infections; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Iridoviridae; Primary Cell Culture; Spleen
PubMed: 32512618
DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13155 -
Journal of Neuroscience Research 1987The ontogeny of noradrenergic innervation and its compartmental development were studied in the rat spleen using glyoxylic acid histofluorescence and high-performance...
The ontogeny of noradrenergic innervation and its compartmental development were studied in the rat spleen using glyoxylic acid histofluorescence and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Noradrenergic nerves were present at birth in bundles adjacent to the splenic artery and vein. On days 1-3, fluorescent profiles largely were associated with the vasculature and with the perivascular zone. By day 6, these fibers formed increasingly elaborate and tortuous plexuses around the central arteries and their branches. By day 10, fibers were present along the marginal sinus and extended into the developing marginal zone. Between day 10 and day 13 the largest increase in norepinephrine (NE) levels (per mg protein) were noted, and the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS) achieved its adult form, with increased innervation of the parenchyma. In contrast, the venous/trabecular system developed relatively late. The first trabecular fibers were evident at day 10, and the capsule was not innervated until day 13. From 13 days to adulthood, there was a gradual refinement and extension of existing patterns with no change in NE levels as measured by HPLC (per mg protein), suggesting that the innervation was keeping pace with rapid increases in spleen growth. The pattern of growth and development for noradrenergic nerves in the PALS remarkably parallels changes in T cell compartmentation during this period. We propose that norepinephrine is available for interaction with T cells at the earliest stages of development and could play a role in such processes as lymphocyte packing and the onset of immunocompetence.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Female; Male; Norepinephrine; Rats; Spleen; Sympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 3682027
DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490180109