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Toxins Sep 2021is a clinically important pathogen that causes a wide range of human infections, from minor skin infections to severe tissue infection and sepsis. has a high level of... (Review)
Review
is a clinically important pathogen that causes a wide range of human infections, from minor skin infections to severe tissue infection and sepsis. has a high level of antibiotic resistance and is a common cause of infections in hospitals and the community. The rising prevalence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant (CA-MRSA), combined with the important severity of infections in general, has resulted in the frequent use of anti-staphylococcal antibiotics, leading to increasing resistance rates. Antibiotic-resistant continues to be a major health concern, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies. uses a wide range of virulence factors, such as toxins, to develop an infection in the host. Recently, anti-virulence treatments that directly or indirectly neutralize toxins have showed promise. In this review, we provide an update on toxin pathogenic characteristics, as well as anti-toxin therapeutical strategies.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Staphylococcus aureus; Toxins, Biological; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34678970
DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100677 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Aug 1998
Review
Topics: Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Virulence
PubMed: 9709046
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199808203390806 -
Nature Reviews. Disease Primers May 2018Since the 1960s, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged, disseminated globally and become a leading cause of bacterial infections in both... (Review)
Review
Since the 1960s, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged, disseminated globally and become a leading cause of bacterial infections in both health-care and community settings. However, there is marked geographical variation in MRSA burden owing to several factors, including differences in local infection control practices and pathogen-specific characteristics of the circulating clones. Different MRSA clones have resulted from the independent acquisition of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), which contains genes encoding proteins that render the bacterium resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics (such as methicillin), by several S. aureus clones. The success of MRSA is a consequence of the extensive arsenal of virulence factors produced by S. aureus combined with β-lactam resistance and, for most clones, resistance to other antibiotic classes. Clinical manifestations of MRSA range from asymptomatic colonization of the nasal mucosa to mild skin and soft tissue infections to fulminant invasive disease with high mortality. Although treatment options for MRSA are limited, several new antimicrobials are under development. An understanding of colonization dynamics, routes of transmission, risk factors for progression to infection and conditions that promote the emergence of resistance will enable optimization of strategies to effectively control MRSA. Vaccine candidates are also under development and could become an effective prevention measure.
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Humans; Methicillin; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 29849094
DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2018.33 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2014Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections and represents a significant burden on the healthcare system. S. aureus attachment... (Review)
Review
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections and represents a significant burden on the healthcare system. S. aureus attachment to medical implants and host tissue, and the establishment of a mature biofilm, play an important role in the persistence of chronic infections. The formation of a biofilm, and encasement of cells in a polymer-based matrix, decreases the susceptibility to antimicrobials and immune defenses, making these infections difficult to eradicate. During infection, dispersal of cells from the biofilm can result in spread to secondary sites and worsening of the infection. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the pathways behind biofilm dispersal in S. aureus, with a focus on enzymatic and newly described broad-spectrum dispersal mechanisms. Additionally, we explore potential applications of dispersal in the treatment of biofilm-mediated infections.
Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Humans; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 25566513
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00178 -
Toxins Apr 2021is an opportunistic and versatile pathogen that can cause several diseases, which range from acute and destructive, to chronic and difficult-to-treat infections [...].
is an opportunistic and versatile pathogen that can cause several diseases, which range from acute and destructive, to chronic and difficult-to-treat infections [...].
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance; Enterotoxins; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Virulence
PubMed: 33921743
DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040287 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2018() is an important zoonotic bacteria and hazardous for the health of human beings and livestock globally. The characteristics like biofilm forming, facultative... (Review)
Review
() is an important zoonotic bacteria and hazardous for the health of human beings and livestock globally. The characteristics like biofilm forming, facultative intracellular survival, and growing resistance of pose a great challenge to its use in therapy. Nanoparticles are considered as a promising way to overcome the infections' therapeutic problems caused by . In this paper, the present progress and challenges of nanoparticles in the treatment of infection are focused on stepwise. First, the survival and infection mechanism of are analyzed. Second, the treatment challenges posed by are provided, which is followed by the third step including the advantages of nanoparticles in improving the penetration and accumulation ability of their payload antibiotics into cell, inhibiting biofilm formation, and enhancing the antibacterial activity against resistant isolates. Finally, the challenges and future perspective of nanoparticles for infection therapy are introduced. This review will help the readers to realize that the nanosystems can effectively fight against the infection by inhibiting biofilm formation, enhancing intracellular delivery, and improving activity against methicillin-resistant and small colony variant phenotypes as well as aim to help researchers looking for more efficient nano-systems to combat the infections.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Nanoparticles; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 30519018
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S169935 -
Journal of Medical Microbiology Dec 2015Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bacterial infections in hospitals and communities worldwide. With the development of typing methods, several pandemic clones... (Review)
Review
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bacterial infections in hospitals and communities worldwide. With the development of typing methods, several pandemic clones have been well characterized, including the extensively spreading hospital-associated meticillin-resistant S. aureus (HA-MRSA) clone ST239 and the emerging hypervirulent community-associated (CA) MRSA clone USA300. The multilocus sequence typing method was set up based on seven housekeeping genes; S. aureus groups were defined by the sharing of alleles at ≥ 5 of the seven loci. In many cases, the predicted founder of a group would also be the most prevalent ST within the group. As a predicted founder of major S. aureus groups, approximately 90 % of ST121 strains was meticillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). The majority of ST121 strains carry accessory gene regulator type IV, whereas staphylococcal protein A gene types for ST121 are exceptionally diverse. More than 90 % of S. aureus ST121 strains have Panton-Valentine leukocidin; other enterotoxins, haemolysins, leukocidins and exfoliative toxins also contribute to the high virulence of ST121 strains. Patients suffering from S. aureus ST121 infections often need longer hospitalization and prolonged antimicrobial therapy. In this review, we tried to summarize the epidemiology of the S. aureus clone ST121 and focused on the molecular types, toxin carriage and disease spectrum of this globally disseminated clone.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Global Health; Humans; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Virulence
PubMed: 26445995
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000185 -
Skinmed 2015Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of human bacterial infection, most notable for its ability to infect any tissue in the human host. Among the most common sites... (Review)
Review
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of human bacterial infection, most notable for its ability to infect any tissue in the human host. Among the most common sites of S aureus infection is the skin, predicated by the existence of this organism as a part of the commensal flora in up to half of the population. While the molecular mechanisms by which S aureus adapts to the ecologic niche of the skin and transitions to cause both skin infection and more severe invasive disease are incompletely defined, these represent an exciting and rapidly moving area of research. The ultimate goal of these investigations is to understand human disease pathogenesis, define host susceptibility factors that predispose to colonization and infection, and utilize this knowledge to inform the strategic development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Bacterial Vaccines; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcal Skin Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Virulence
PubMed: 26137737
DOI: No ID Found -
Biological Chemistry Feb 2021is a major human pathogen, which encounters reactive oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, electrophile and sulfur species (ROS, RNS, RCS, RES and RSS) by the host immune system,... (Review)
Review
is a major human pathogen, which encounters reactive oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, electrophile and sulfur species (ROS, RNS, RCS, RES and RSS) by the host immune system, during cellular metabolism or antibiotics treatments. To defend against redox active species and antibiotics, is equipped with redox sensing regulators that often use thiol switches to control the expression of specific detoxification pathways. In addition, the maintenance of the redox balance is crucial for survival of under redox stress during infections, which is accomplished by the low molecular weight (LMW) thiol bacillithiol (BSH) and the associated bacilliredoxin (Brx)/BSH/bacillithiol disulfide reductase (YpdA)/NADPH pathway. Here, we present an overview of thiol-based redox sensors, its associated enzymatic detoxification systems and BSH-related regulatory mechanisms in , which are important for the defense under redox stress conditions. Application of the novel Brx-roGFP2 biosensor provides new insights on the impact of these systems on the BSH redox potential. These thiol switches of function in protection against redox active desinfectants and antimicrobials, including HOCl, the AGXX® antimicrobial surface coating, allicin from garlic and the naphthoquinone lapachol. Thus, thiol switches could be novel drug targets for the development of alternative redox-based therapies to combat multi-drug resistant isolates.
Topics: Oxidation-Reduction; Staphylococcus aureus; Sulfhydryl Compounds
PubMed: 33544504
DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0272 -
Trends in Microbiology Aug 2004Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of infection in both hospitals and the community, and it is becoming increasingly virulent and resistant to antibiotics. The... (Review)
Review
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of infection in both hospitals and the community, and it is becoming increasingly virulent and resistant to antibiotics. The recent sequencing of seven strains of S. aureus provides unprecedented information about its genome diversity. Subtle differences in core (stable) regions of the genome have been exploited by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) to understand S. aureus population structure. Dramatic differences in the carriage and spread of accessory genes, including those involved in virulence and resistance, contribute to the emergence of new strains with healthcare implications. Understanding the differences between S. aureus genomes and the controls that govern these changes is helping to improve our knowledge of S. aureus pathogenicity and to predict the evolution of super-superbugs.
Topics: Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genetic Variation; Genome, Bacterial; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 15276614
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2004.06.004