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American Journal of Clinical Dermatology Oct 2018Coagulase-negative staphylococcus organisms may be normal flora of human skin, however these bacteria can also be pathogens in skin and soft tissue infections. A summary... (Review)
Review
Coagulase-negative staphylococcus organisms may be normal flora of human skin, however these bacteria can also be pathogens in skin and soft tissue infections. A summary of skin and soft tissue infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococcus species is provided in this review. We conducted a search of the PubMed database using the following terms: abscess, auricularis, biofilm, capitis, cellulitis, coagulase, contaminant, cyst, draining, epidermidis, felon, folliculitis, furuncle, haemolyticus, hominis, indolent, infection, lugdunensis, mecA, microbiome, negative, osteomyelitis, paronychia, saprophyticus, skin, simulans, sinus, soft, staphylococcus, systemic, tissue, virulence, virulent, and vulvar. The relevant papers, and their references, generated by the search were reviewed. Skin and soft tissue infections have been observed to be caused by many coagulase-negative staphylococcus organisms: Staphylococcus auricularis, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Staphylococcus simulans. Coagulase-negative staphylococcus skin infections predominantly present as abscesses and paronychia. They are most common in elderly patients or those individuals who are immunosuppressed, and tend to be broadly susceptible to antibiotic treatment. In conclusion, albeit less common, coagulase-negative staphylococcus organisms can result in skin and soft tissue infections, particularly in older and/or immunocompromised individuals. A review of the literature found that coagulase-negative staphylococcus organisms are most commonly grown in cultures of abscesses and paronychia. Therefore, coagulase-negative staphylococcal organisms should not always be considered as contaminants or normal flora, but rather as causative pathogens. They are usually susceptible to antibiotics used to treat methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus.
Topics: Abscess; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Coagulase; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Paronychia; Soft Tissue Infections; Staphylococcal Skin Infections; Staphylococcus; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29882122
DOI: 10.1007/s40257-018-0362-9 -
IDCases 2021Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are clinically and economically burdensome. Gram positive causative uropathogens are rare, and has infrequently been isolated as a...
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are clinically and economically burdensome. Gram positive causative uropathogens are rare, and has infrequently been isolated as a causative agent for UTIs. Here, we present two cases of causing complicated urinary tract infections.
PubMed: 34195001
DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01202 -
BMJ Case Reports May 2021A 78-year-old man with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) presented with chills and malaise. His history was significant for heart failure with reduced...
A 78-year-old man with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) presented with chills and malaise. His history was significant for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and complete heart block. He had undergone permanent pacemaker placement that was later upgraded to an ICD 5 years before his presentation. Physical examination revealed an open wound with surrounding erythema overlying the device site. Blood cultures obtained on admission were negative. Transesophageal echocardiogram did not show valve or lead vegetations. He underwent a prolonged extraction procedure. Postoperatively, he developed septic shock and cultures from the device, and repeat peripheral blood cultures grew and He was treated with intravenous vancomycin but had refractory hypotension, leading to multiorgan failure. He later expired after being transitioned to comfort care. The patient may have acquired by feeding cows on a nearby farm, and the prolonged extraction procedure may have precipitated the bacteraemia.
Topics: Aged; Animals; Bacteremia; Cattle; Defibrillators, Implantable; Humans; Male; Sepsis; Staphylococcus
PubMed: 34045192
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-240309 -
Journal of Dairy Science Nov 2023Staphylococcus chromogenes and Staphylococcus simulans are commonly found in intramammary infections (IMI) associated with bovine subclinical mastitis, but little is...
Staphylococcus chromogenes and Staphylococcus simulans are commonly found in intramammary infections (IMI) associated with bovine subclinical mastitis, but little is known about genotypic variation and relatedness within species. This includes knowledge about genes encoding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and potential virulence factors (pVF). The aim of this study was therefore to investigate these aspects by whole-genome sequencing of milk isolates from Swedish dairy cows with subclinical mastitis in an observational study. We also wanted to study if specific genotypes were associated with persistent IMI and the inflammatory response at udder quarter level. In total, 105 and 118 isolates of S. chromogenes and S. simulans, respectively, were included. Isolates were characterized using a 7-locus multilocus sequence typing (7-MLST), core genome analysis and in-silico analysis of AMR and pVF genes. Forty-seven sequence types (ST) and 7 core genome clusters of S. chromogenes were identified, and the most common ST were ST-6 and ST-109, both belonging to cluster VII. A 7-locus MLST scheme for S. simulans was not available, but 3 core genome clusters and 5 subclusters were described. Overall, substantial variation in ST and clusters among cows and herds were found in both species. Some ST of S. chromogenes were found in several herds, indicating spread between herds. Moreover, within-herd spread of the same genotype was observed for both species. Only a few AMR genes [blaZ, strpS194, vga(A)] were detected in a limited number of isolates, with the exception of blaZ coding for β-lactamase, which was identified in 22% of the isolates of S. chromogenes with ST-19, ST-102, and ST-103 more commonly carrying this gene compared with other ST. However, the blaZ gene was not identified in S. simulans. The average total number of pVF detected per isolate was similar in S. chromogenes (n = 30) and S. simulans (n = 33), but some variation in total numbers and presence of specific pVF or functional groups of pVF, was shown between ST/clusters within species. Differences in inflammatory response and potentially in persistent IMI at udder quarter level were found between S. chromogenes subtypes but not between S. simulans subtypes. In conclusion, the results from the present study generates new insight into the epidemiology of bovine S. chromogenes and S. simulans IMI, which can have implications for future prevention and antimicrobial treatment of infections related to these species.
PubMed: 37641317
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23523 -
Biochemistry. Biokhimiia May 2016Staphylococcus simulans lysostaphin is an endopeptidase lysing staphylococcus cell walls by cleaving pentaglycine cross-bridges in their peptidoglycan. A synthetic gene...
Staphylococcus simulans lysostaphin is an endopeptidase lysing staphylococcus cell walls by cleaving pentaglycine cross-bridges in their peptidoglycan. A synthetic gene encoding S. simulans lysostaphin was cloned in Escherichia coli cells, and producer strains were designed. The level of produced biologically active lysostaphin comprised 6-30% of total E. coli cell protein (depending on E. coli M15 or BL21 producer) under batch cultivation conditions. New methods were developed for purification of lysostaphin without affinity domains and for testing its enzymatic activity. As judged by PAGE, the purified recombinant lysostaphin is of >97% purity. The produced lysostaphin lysed cells of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus haemolyticus clinical isolates. In vitro activity and general biochemical properties of purified recombinant lysostaphin produced by M15 or BL21 E. coli strains were identical to those of recombinant lysostaphin supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (USA) and used as reference in other known studies. The prepared recombinant lysostaphin represents a potential product for development of enzymatic preparation for medicine and veterinary due to the simple purification scheme enabling production of the enzyme of high purity and antistaphylococcal activity.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Biomass; Cloning, Molecular; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Escherichia coli; Lysostaphin; Peptidoglycan; Recombinant Proteins; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus haemolyticus; Temperature
PubMed: 27297900
DOI: 10.1134/S0006297916050072 -
JAAD Case Reports Nov 2016
PubMed: 27957522
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2016.08.015 -
Avian Pathology : Journal of the W.V.P.A Feb 2017This report suggests a strong association between coagulase-negative Staphylococcus simulans and endocarditis in broiler chickens of a single flock. Clinical signs...
This report suggests a strong association between coagulase-negative Staphylococcus simulans and endocarditis in broiler chickens of a single flock. Clinical signs included increased mortality and lameness, and some dead chickens were found on their backs. Lesions included cauliflower-like, fibrinous vegetative lesions on the left atrioventricular valve; cream-coloured, necrotic foci of varying size in the liver; and necrosis of the femoral head. Histopathological examination of the heart revealed multifocal conglomerates of bacterial colonies attached to the valvular endocardium, threads of fibrin, and inflammatory cells with the presence of heterophils. S. simulans strains were first identified by API ID32, and then confirmed with Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and by partial sequencing of the rpoB and dnaJ genes. These bacteria were resistant to methicillin but sensitive to vancomycin and characterized by slime production and protease activity.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Endocarditis; Fibrin; Methicillin; Necrosis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Vancomycin; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 27329995
DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1203392 -
Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology 2019, among other staphylococcal species, developed multidrug resistance and causes serious health risks that require complex treatments. Therefore, the development of novel...
, among other staphylococcal species, developed multidrug resistance and causes serious health risks that require complex treatments. Therefore, the development of novel and effective strategies to combat these bacteria has been gaining importance. Since lysostaphin is a peptidoglycan hydrolase effective against staphylococcal species, the enzyme has a significant potential for biotechnological applications. Despite promising results of lysostaphin as a bacteriocin capable of killing staphylococcal pathogens, it is still not widely used in healthcare settings due to its high production cost. In this study, medium engineering techniques were applied to improve the expression yield of recombinant lysostaphin in . A new effective inducible promoter system and different mediums were used to enhance lysostaphin production. Our results showed that the composition of autoinduction media enhanced the amount of lysostaphin production 5-fold with the highest level of active lysostaphin at 30 °C. The production cost of 1000 U of lysostaphin was determined as 4-fold lower than the previously proposed technologies. Therefore, the currently developed bench scale study has a great potential as a large-scale fermentation procedure to produce lysostaphin efficiently.
Topics: Arabinose; Bacterial Proteins; Culture Media; Enzyme Induction; Enzyme Stability; Escherichia coli; Fermentation; Lysostaphin; Metabolic Engineering; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Recombinant Proteins; Staphylococcus; Temperature; Time Factors
PubMed: 31017522
DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1599393 -
Cureus Nov 2022A toddler girl presented to our hospital with a fever that lasted for five days. She had no prior history of urinary tract infections or contact with farm animals....
A toddler girl presented to our hospital with a fever that lasted for five days. She had no prior history of urinary tract infections or contact with farm animals. Investigations revealed a diagnosis of acute focal bacterial nephritis (AFBN), and we initiated antimicrobial therapy with ampicillin and cefmetazole. On day five, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative were detected in her urine culture, and we changed the antibiotics to vancomycin. Antibiotic therapy was continued for 21 days, with no recurrence of fever. Finally, the bacteria were identified as , which is a common farm animal pathogen. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of AFBN caused by , even if the patient has no prior history of close contact with farm animals. If a rare organism is detected in urine culture during AFBN treatment, the patient should be treated with appropriate antibiotics for the pathogen.
PubMed: 36505107
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31241 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Sep 2021Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen, causes diverse community and nosocomial-acquired human infections, including folliculitis, impetigo, sepsis, septic... (Review)
Review
Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen, causes diverse community and nosocomial-acquired human infections, including folliculitis, impetigo, sepsis, septic arthritis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, implant-associated biofilm infections and contagious mastitis in cattle. In recent days, both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections have increased. Highly effective anti-staphylococcal agents are urgently required. Lysostaphin is a 27 kDa zinc metallo antimicrobial lytic enzyme that is produced by Staphylococcus simulans biovar staphylolyticus and was first discovered in the 1960s. Lysostaphin is highly active against S. aureus strains irrespective of their drug-resistant patterns with a minimum inhibitory concentration of ranges between 0·001 and 0·064 μg ml . Lysostaphin has activity against both dividing and non-dividing S. aureus cells; and can seep through the extracellular matrix to kill the biofilm embedded S. aureus. In spite of having excellent anti-staphylococcal activity, its clinical application is hindered because of its immunogenicity and reduced bio-availability. Extensive research with lysostaphin lead to the development of several engineered lysostaphin derivatives with reduced immunogenicity and increased serum half-life. Therapeutic efficacy of both native and engineered lysostaphin derivatives was studied by several research groups. This review provides an overview of the therapeutic applications of native and engineered lysostaphin derivatives developed to eradicate S. aureus infections.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Female; Lysostaphin; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 33382154
DOI: 10.1111/jam.14985