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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2012Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging multidrug-resistant global opportunistic pathogen. The increasing incidence of nosocomial and community-acquired S.... (Review)
Review
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging multidrug-resistant global opportunistic pathogen. The increasing incidence of nosocomial and community-acquired S. maltophilia infections is of particular concern for immunocompromised individuals, as this bacterial pathogen is associated with a significant fatality/case ratio. S. maltophilia is an environmental bacterium found in aqueous habitats, including plant rhizospheres, animals, foods, and water sources. Infections of S. maltophilia can occur in a range of organs and tissues; the organism is commonly found in respiratory tract infections. This review summarizes the current literature and presents S. maltophilia as an organism with various molecular mechanisms used for colonization and infection. S. maltophilia can be recovered from polymicrobial infections, most notably from the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients, as a cocolonizer with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Recent evidence of cell-cell communication between these pathogens has implications for the development of novel pharmacological therapies. Animal models of S. maltophilia infection have provided useful information about the type of host immune response induced by this opportunistic pathogen. Current and emerging treatments for patients infected with S. maltophilia are discussed.
Topics: Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Global Health; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Opportunistic Infections; Pandemics; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
PubMed: 22232370
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00019-11 -
Recent Patents on Biotechnology 2022Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen that results in nosocomial infections in immunocompromised individuals. These bacteria colonize on the surface... (Review)
Review
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen that results in nosocomial infections in immunocompromised individuals. These bacteria colonize on the surface of medical devices and therapeutic equipment like urinary catheters, endoscopes, and ventilators, causing respiratory and urinary tract infections. The low outer membrane permeability of multidrug-resistance efflux systems and the two chromosomally encoded β- lactamases present in S. maltophilia are challenging for arsenal control. The cell-associated and extracellular virulence factors in S. maltophilia are involved in colonization and biofilm formation on the host surfaces. The spread of antibiotic-resistant genes in the pathogenic S. maltophilia attributes to bacterial resistance against a wide range of antibiotics, including penicillin, quinolones, and carbapenems. So far, tetracycline derivatives, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) are considered promising antibiotics against S. maltophilia. Due to the adaptive nature of the intrinsically resistant mechanism towards the number of antibiotics and its ability to acquire new resistance via mutation and horizontal gene transfer, it is quite tricky for medicinal contribution against S. maltophilia. The current review summarizes the literary data on pathogenicity, quorum sensing, biofilm formation, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance of S. maltophilia.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Opportunistic Infections; Patents as Topic; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Virulence Factors; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 35549857
DOI: 10.2174/1872208316666220512121205 -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy Apr 2020: is a prototype of bacteria intrinsically resistant to antibiotics. The reduced susceptibility of this microorganism to antimicrobials mainly relies on the presence in... (Review)
Review
: is a prototype of bacteria intrinsically resistant to antibiotics. The reduced susceptibility of this microorganism to antimicrobials mainly relies on the presence in its chromosome of genes encoding efflux pumps and antibiotic inactivating enzymes. Consequently, the therapeutic options for treating infections are limited.: Known mechanisms of intrinsic, acquired and phenotypic resistance to antibiotics of and the consequences of such resistance for treating infections are discussed. Acquisition of some genes, mainly those involved in co-trimoxazole resistance, contributes to acquired resistance. Mutation, mainly in the regulators of chromosomally-encoded antibiotic resistance genes, is a major cause for acquisition of resistance. The expression of some of these genes is triggered by specific signals or stressors, which can lead to transient phenotypic resistance.: Treatment of infections is difficult because this organism presents low susceptibility to antibiotics. Besides, it can acquire resistance to antimicrobials currently in use. Particularly problematic is the selection of mutants overexpressing efflux pumps since they present a multidrug resistance phenotype. The use of novel antimicrobials alone or in combination, together with the development of efflux pumps' inhibitors may help in fighting infections.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Phenotype; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
PubMed: 32052662
DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1730178 -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy Nov 2019: Infections caused by the opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients are complicated to treat due to antibiotic resistance and the ability of the bacteria to... (Review)
Review
: Infections caused by the opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients are complicated to treat due to antibiotic resistance and the ability of the bacteria to produce biofilm.: A MEDLINE/PubMed search was performed of available literature to describe the role of biofilm produced by in the diseases it causes, including biofilm-influencing factors, the biofilm forming process and composition. The antimicrobial resistance due to biofilm production and current antibiofilm strategies is also included.: Through the production of biofilm, strains can easily adhere to the surfaces in hospital settings and aid in its transmission. The biofilm can also cause antibiotic tolerance rendering some of the therapeutic options ineffective, causing setbacks in the selection of an appropriate treatment. Conventional susceptibility tests do not yet offer therapeutic guidelines to treat biofilm-associated infections. Current biofilm control strategies include natural and synthetic compounds, chelating agents, and commonly prescribed antibiotics. As biofilm age and matrix composition affect the level of antibiotic tolerance, their characterization should be included in biofilm susceptibility testing, in addition to molecular and proteomic analyzes. As for now, several commonly recommended antibiotics can be used to treat biofilm-related infections.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Proteomics; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
PubMed: 31658838
DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1685875 -
Trends in Microbiology Jul 2018This infographic describes the key regulated traits of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, important for beneficial plant interactions, and also its increasing incidence as a...
This infographic describes the key regulated traits of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, important for beneficial plant interactions, and also its increasing incidence as a nosocomial and community-acquired infection. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a cosmopolitan and ubiquitous bacterium found in a range of environmental habitats, including extreme ones, although in nature it is mainly associated with plants. S. maltophilia fulfils important ecosystem functions in the sulfur and nitrogen cycles, in degradation of complex compounds and pollutants, and in promoti on of plant growth and health. Stenotrophomonas can also colonize extreme man-made niches in hospitals, space shuttles, and clean rooms. S. maltophilia has emerged as a global opportunistic human pathogen, which does not usually infect healthy hosts but is associated with high morbidity and mortality in severely immunocompromised and debilitated individuals. S. maltophilia can also be recovered from polymicrobial infections, most notably from the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients. Close relatives of S. maltophilia, for example, S. rhizophila, provide a harmless alternative for biotechnological applications without human health risks.
Topics: Bacterial Adhesion; Biodegradation, Environmental; Biofilms; Community-Acquired Infections; Cystic Fibrosis; Humans; Opportunistic Infections; Plant Development; Respiratory Tract Infections; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
PubMed: 29754971
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.04.006 -
Infectious Diseases (London, England) Mar 2019Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an increasingly prevalent opportunistic pathogen responsible for a wide range of nosocomial infections in intensive care unit patients,... (Review)
Review
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an increasingly prevalent opportunistic pathogen responsible for a wide range of nosocomial infections in intensive care unit patients, life-threatening diseases in immunocompromised haematology-oncology patients and chronic pulmonary infections in individuals with cystic fibrosis. Therapy of these infections is problematic due to the remarkable intrinsic antimicrobial resistance of the species and to acquired resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents. As this organism is a low-grade pathogen, the pathogenesis of S. maltophilia infections involves numerous virulence factors as well as the ability of bacterial cells to form biofilms on abiotic surfaces and host tissues. The present review summarizes the literature data regarding extracellular and cell-associated virulence factors of S. maltophilia (some of which have still not been studied in detail) and considers the basic characteristics of biofilm formation. Many virulence features such as extracellular enzymes, bacterial motility and biofilm formation are finely controlled by quorum sensing (QS) that enable the bacteria to express these virulence factors in a coordinated, cell-density-dependent manner and overwhelm the host defence mechanisms. Manipulating the QS regulatory system is a promising approach for development of new strategies for control of S. maltophilia infections.
Topics: Biofilms; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 30422737
DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2018.1531145 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2018is a multi-drug-resistant global opportunistic nosocomial pathogen, which possesses a huge number of virulence factors and antibiotics resistance characteristics. Iron... (Review)
Review
is a multi-drug-resistant global opportunistic nosocomial pathogen, which possesses a huge number of virulence factors and antibiotics resistance characteristics. Iron has a crucial contribution toward growth and development, cell growth and proliferation, and pathogenicity. The bacterium found to acquire iron for its cellular process through the expression of two iron acquisition systems. Two distinct pathways for iron acquisition are encoded by the genome-a siderophore-and heme-mediated iron uptake system. The operon directs the production of the enterobactin siderophore of catecholate in nature, while heme uptake relies on and potentially operon. Fur and sigma factors are regulators of under iron-limited condition. Iron potentially act as a signal which plays an important role in biofilm formation, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), extracellular enzymes production, oxidative stress response, diffusible signal factor (DSF) and siderophore production in . This review summarizes the current knowledge of iron acquisition in and the critical role of iron in relation to its pathogenicity.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Biofilms; Biological Transport; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Heme; Humans; Iron; Oxidative Stress; Siderophores; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 30483485
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00401 -
Future Microbiology Aug 2009Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has emerged in recent years as a paradigm of an intrinsically resistant, opportunistic bacterial pathogen with an environmental origin. The... (Review)
Review
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has emerged in recent years as a paradigm of an intrinsically resistant, opportunistic bacterial pathogen with an environmental origin. The recent publication of the sequences of two S. maltophilia genomes has shown that this bacterium contains a large repertoire of antibiotic resistance determinants, probably contributing to its characteristic susceptibility to antibiotics. Among those determinants, the best characterized are a number of multidrug efflux pumps, beta-lactamases and aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes. Recently, the presence of a gene coding for a Qnr determinant in the genome of S. maltophilia has also been described. Together, these elements confer resistance to several of the drugs currently used for treating infections. Besides these chromosomally encoded determinants, which evolved in S. maltophilia long before the recent human use of antibiotics, this bacterial species is acquiring novel resistance genes by horizontal gene transfer, thereby increasing its resistance. Future studies are required to fully understand the mechanisms of resistance, their regulation and potential crosstalk with S. maltophilia virulence, as well as the population dynamics of the different isolates of this bacterial species.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Evolution, Molecular; Genes, Bacterial; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
PubMed: 19659422
DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.45 -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy Apr 2011Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a ubiquitous organism associated with opportunistic infections. In the immunocompromised host, increasing prevalence and severity of... (Review)
Review
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a ubiquitous organism associated with opportunistic infections. In the immunocompromised host, increasing prevalence and severity of illness is observed, particularly opportunistic bloodstream infections and pneumonia syndromes. In this article, the classification and microbiology are outlined, together with clinical presentation, outcomes and management of infections due to S. maltophilia. Although virulence mechanisms and the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance have been identified, a role for standardized and uniform reporting of antibiotic sensitivity is not defined. Infections due to S. maltophilia have traditionally been treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, or fluoroquinolone agents. The use of combination therapies, newer fluoroquinolone agents and tetracycline derivatives is discussed. Finally, measures to prevent transmission of S. maltophilia within healthcare facilities are reported, especially in at-risk patient populations.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Opportunistic Infections; Prevalence; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Treatment Outcome; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 21504403
DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.24 -
Viruses Jun 2021The isolation and characterization of bacteriophages for the treatment of infections caused by the multidrug resistant pathogen is imperative as nosocomial and... (Review)
Review
The isolation and characterization of bacteriophages for the treatment of infections caused by the multidrug resistant pathogen is imperative as nosocomial and community-acquired infections are rapidly increasing in prevalence. This increase is largely due to the numerous virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes encoded by this bacterium. Research on phages to date has focused on the isolation and in vitro characterization of novel phages, often including genomic characterization, from the environment or by induction from bacterial strains. This review summarizes the clinical significance, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of , as well as all phages isolated and characterized to date and strategies for their use. We further address the limited in vivo phage therapy studies conducted against this bacterium and discuss the future research needed to spearhead phages as an alternative treatment option against multidrug resistant .
Topics: Bacteriophages; Genome, Viral; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Phage Therapy; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34204897
DOI: 10.3390/v13061057