-
Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 2024The current study aimed at evaluating the repair of a partial defect of the trachea with a muscle flap, an advanced technique that employs combined suture patterns.
PURPOSE
The current study aimed at evaluating the repair of a partial defect of the trachea with a muscle flap, an advanced technique that employs combined suture patterns.
METHODS
Sixteen healthy male New Zealand white rabbits were used as an experimental model. A partial defect in the trachea within the ventral region of the fourth to eighth tracheal ring was created. Subsequently, repair was initiated with a flap of the sternocephalicus muscle. The animals were divided into four groups for postoperative evaluation using clinical, tracheoscopic, and histopathological analyses. Each group was separated according to the time of euthanasia, programmed at interval of seven (G7), 15 (G15), 30 (G30), and 60 days (G60).
RESULTS
One animal from the G60 group died, whereas the other animals had good surgical recovery without serious changes in the breathing pattern. The major clinical signs observed were stridor and coughing. Tracheoscopy revealed secretions in the tracheal lumen, exuberant granulation, and stenosis. Histopathological analysis showed growth of the ciliary respiratory epithelium at the flap site 30 days after implantation.
CONCLUSIONS
Partial repair showed satisfactory results owing to the anatomical location of the muscle, adequate vascular support, and structural and physiological maintenance without serious changes in the respiratory system.
Topics: Rabbits; Male; Animals; Trachea; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Surgical Flaps; Muscles
PubMed: 38324799
DOI: 10.1590/acb390324 -
Veterinary Surgery : VS Jan 2023To describe the surgical technique and clinical outcome of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in the dog.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the surgical technique and clinical outcome of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in the dog.
ANIMALS
Fifty client-owned dogs with PHPT that underwent minimally invasive parathyroidectomy.
STUDY DESIGN
Retrospective cohort study.
METHODS
An ultrasound-guided mini lateral approach was made via a plane established between the sternocephalicus muscle and sternohyoideus muscles to expose the thyroid gland and enlarged parathyroid gland. Abnormal parathyroid glands were removed en bloc via partial thyroidectomy. The technique for bilateral disease was similar, the skin incision was made on midline and moved laterally to develop the above-mentioned plane of dissection. Age, sex, breed, bodyweight, ultrasound findings, histopathological diagnosis, surgical time, preoperative clinical signs, and clinical outcome were extracted from the records for descriptive statistics.
RESULTS
A total of 62 glands were surgically removed, including 17 hyperplastic glands (17/62, 27.4%), 34 adenomas (34/62, 54.8%), and two carcinomas (2/62, 3.2%). Hypercalcemia resolved shortly after surgery in 44 dogs (44/45, 97.8%). One dog had recurrent hypercalcemia (1/45, 2.2%), one dog had persistent hypercalcemia (1/45, 2.2%), two dogs had permanent hypocalcemia requiring life-long calcitriol supplementation (2/45, 4.4%), and one dog died from clinical hypocalcemia (1/45, 2.2%).
CONCLUSION
Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy was associated with a low morbidity and led to favorable outcomes in 44/45 dogs in this series.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The results of this study supports the use of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy to treat PHPT in dogs.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Parathyroidectomy; Hyperparathyroidism, Primary; Hypocalcemia; Hypercalcemia; Retrospective Studies; Parathyroid Neoplasms; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; Ultrasonography, Interventional; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 36221891
DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13897 -
Equine Veterinary Journal Jan 1989Five horses were studied during a five-week regime of controlled intensive daily training on a high-speed treadmill followed by five weeks of detraining. Muscle biopsies...
Five horses were studied during a five-week regime of controlled intensive daily training on a high-speed treadmill followed by five weeks of detraining. Muscle biopsies were taken weekly from both the right and left gluteus muscle and from the sternocephalicus muscle before, and at the end of, the training and detraining periods. Histochemical and biochemical analyses of the sternocephalicus muscle showed no metabolic adaptation with either training or detraining. No significant differences were observed in any of the analysed parameters in the gluteus muscle between contralateral sites. Glycogen levels decreased by 10 to 15 per cent after one to two weeks of training, remained low during the training period and increased to pretraining levels after one week's cessation of training. Citrate synthase activity increased rapidly and was 27 per cent higher after one week and 42 per cent higher after five weeks of training. Lactate dehydrogenase activity decreased by 15 per cent during this period. The changes seen in these enzyme levels persisted during the detraining period. No alterations were seen in fibre type composition but type IIA fibre areas decreased by 19 per cent after five weeks training and capillary density increased by 17 per cent. It is concluded that a period of intensive training will rapidly increase the oxidative capacity and the capillary density in an actively working muscle, and that these metabolic adaptations are well maintained during a subsequent period of detraining.
Topics: Animals; Biopsy; Capillaries; Citrate (si)-Synthase; Diet; Female; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Horses; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Muscles; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Triglycerides
PubMed: 2920697
DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1989.tb02085.x -
The Journal of Surgical Research May 1988Prosthetic vascular graft infection requires graft removal and often leads to limb loss. To determine whether vascularized muscle flaps could alter the course of graft...
Prosthetic vascular graft infection requires graft removal and often leads to limb loss. To determine whether vascularized muscle flaps could alter the course of graft infection, 18 mongrel dogs (18-29 kg) were randomized to one of three groups and underwent unilateral carotid artery bypass with 6-mm X 4-cm PTFE grafts. At implantation, the grafts were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus, 2 x 10(7) organisms/wound. On Day 3, dogs with patent grafts underwent wound debridement, irrigation, and closure, and the treatment to which they had been randomized was carried out. Group A (n = 4, controls) received only dicloxacillin, 500 mg po bid, beginning on Day 4. Group B (n = 5) underwent transfer of a vascularized sternocephalicus muscle flap around the infected graft, but received no antibiotics. Group C (n = 5) underwent muscle transfer as in Group B and were given dicloxacillin as in Group A. Dogs were followed until anastomotic disruption occurred or for 60 days. Quantitative bacterial cultures were taken from sternocephalicus muscle and wound fluid at the time of debridement and at sacrifice. All dogs that received antibiotics without flaps or flaps without antibiotics (Groups A and B) experienced anastomotic disruption. Dogs that received both antibiotics and flaps (Group C) had a significantly lower incidence of hemorrhage (20%, P less than 0.05). At sacrifice, fewer bacterial colonies were cultured from muscle flaps of Group C as opposed to Group A dogs (0.05 +/- 0.02 x 10(5) vs 0.79 +/- 0.31 x 10(5), P less than 0.05). Muscle flaps with antibiotic therapy may prove to be effective treatment for infected prosthetic vascular grafts.
Topics: Animals; Blood Vessel Prosthesis; Cerebral Revascularization; Muscles; Polytetrafluoroethylene; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Flaps
PubMed: 3374120
DOI: 10.1016/0022-4804(88)90163-1 -
Meat Science Aug 2005This experiment addressed the hypothesis that 6-phosphofructokinase (6-PFK) regulates glycolysis in postmortem in M. sternocephalicus pars mandibularis. In two separate...
This experiment addressed the hypothesis that 6-phosphofructokinase (6-PFK) regulates glycolysis in postmortem in M. sternocephalicus pars mandibularis. In two separate experiments, muscle samples were excised from randomly-selected steers that would typically be found on a commercial slaughter floor. In the first experiment, two samples were obtained from each of 6 steers immediately post-exsanguination; one sample was immersed immediately in liquid nitrogen and the other was stored at 4°C for 4 d, to compare 6-PFK enzyme activity and glycolytic intermediate concentrations between fresh and d 4 postmortem samples. The greatest activity of 6-PFK was measured in fresh muscle extracts at pH 7.4, whereas little activity was detectable at pH 7.0. 6-PFK activity measured at pH 7.4 in d 4 samples also was barely detectable. Hill coefficient values for 6-PFK in fresh samples measured at pH 7.4 or 7.0, and d 4 samples measured at pH 7.4 were 2.9, 0.8, and 0.7, respectively, indicating loss of cooperativity with both lowered pH during assay and with time postmortem. Glycogen concentrations decreased 45% from d 0 to d 4, to 39.6μmol glycogen/g muscle. Muscle concentrations of free glucose increased (P<0.001) from 0.84μmol/g at d 0 to 6.54μmol/g at d 4. Fructose-6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate increased (P<0.001) from d 0 to d 4 (2.8-fold and 4.7-fold, respectively). Lactate began accumulating immediately (3.33μmol/g) and was elevated to 45.9μmol/g by d 4. In the second experiment, conversion of [U-(14)C]glucose to lactate, glycogen, and CO(2) was measured in vitro at pH 7.4 and 7.0 in fresh M. sternocephalicus pars mandibularis strips from four steers. Total [U-(14)C]glucose was less in muscle strips incubated at pH 7.0 than in those incubated at pH 7.4 (55.5 vs. 123nmol glucose utilized per 100mg muscle per h; P=0.04), due primarily to a reduction in glucose conversion to lactate. The conversion of glucose to glycogen or CO(2) in vitro was unaffected by media pH. These results suggest that the postmortem decline in pH in M. sternocephalicus pars mandibularis ultimately inactivates 6-PFK; this occurs prior to the depletion of glycogen reserves.
PubMed: 22063888
DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2005.01.024 -
Animal : An International Journal of... Apr 2019Supplementation with copper (Cu) improves deer antler characteristics, but it could modify meat quality and increase its Cu content to levels potentially harmful for...
Supplementation with copper (Cu) improves deer antler characteristics, but it could modify meat quality and increase its Cu content to levels potentially harmful for humans. Here, we studied the effects of Cu bolus supplementation by means on quality and composition of sternocephalicus (ST) and rectus abdominis (RA) muscles (n=13 for each one) from yearling male red deer fed with a balanced diet. Each intraruminal bolus, containing 3.4 g of Cu, was administered orally in the treatment group to compare with the control group. Meat traits studied were pH at 24 h postmortem (pH24), colour, chemical composition, cholesterol content, fatty acid (FA) composition, amino acid (AA) profile and mineral content. In addition, the effect of Cu supplementation on mineral composition of liver and serum (at 0 and 90 days of treatment) was analysed. No interactions between Cu supplementation and muscle were observed for any trait. Supplementation with Cu increased the protein content of meat (P<0.01). However, Cu content of meat, liver and serum was not modified by supplementation. In fact, Cu content of meat (1.20 and 1.34 mg/kg for Cu supplemented and control deer, respectively) was much lower in both groups than 5 mg/kg of fresh weight allowed legally for food of animal origin. However, bolus of Cu tended to increase the meat content of zinc and significantly increased (P<0.05) the hepatic contents of sodium and lead. Muscles studied had different composition and characteristics. The RA muscle had significantly higher protein content (P<0.001), monounsaturated FA content (P<0.05) and essential/non-essential AA ratio (P<0.01) but lower pH24 (P<0.01) and polyunsaturated FA content (P=0.001) than the ST muscle. In addition, RA muscle had 14.4% less cholesterol (P=0.001) than ST muscle. Also, mineral profile differed between muscles with higher content of iron, significantly higher (P<0.001) content of zinc and lower content of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus (P<0.05) for ST muscle compared with RA. Therefore, supplementation with Cu modified deer meat characteristics, but it did not increase its concentration to toxic levels, making it a safe practice from this perspective. Despite the lower content of polyunsaturated FA, quality was better for RA than for ST muscle based on its higher content of protein with more essential/non-essential AA ratio and lower pH24 and cholesterol content.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Copper; Deer; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Male; Meat; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 30134996
DOI: 10.1017/S1751731118002173 -
Anatomy and Embryology 1990The dependence of the inner organisation and innervation of a skeletal muscle on its size was studied at the level of single muscle fiber architecture and motor endplate...
Multifocal innervation and muscle length. A morphological study on the role of myo-myonal junctions, fiber branching and multiple innervation in muscles of different size and shape.
The dependence of the inner organisation and innervation of a skeletal muscle on its size was studied at the level of single muscle fiber architecture and motor endplate topography in muscles of different size, all of them lacking a tendinous scaffolding. The muscles evaluated in this study were: Mm. sternomastoideus, gracilis and latissimus dorsi of the rat and the M. sternocephalicus of the horse. In these muscles a subdivision into two or more 'innervation-compartments' becomes obvious in fascicles reaching a certain length. This provides the possibility of an almost synchronous activation of the entire muscle by its nerve. At the level of single muscle fiber elements, large numbers of myo-myonal junctions were discernible in many sites. However, unequivocal multiple innervation was found, with several end-plates per single muscle fiber, without the interposition of any junctional structure. Myo-myonal junctions, combined with a characteristic branching pattern of many muscle fibers, and scattered innervation sites, obviously play an important role in the architecture of fan-like muscles lacking a tendinous scaffolding.
Topics: Animals; Horses; Male; Muscles; Myofibrils; Rats
PubMed: 2268070
DOI: 10.1007/BF00185520 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Nov 2012To evaluate the use of ultrasonography for thyroid gland assessment in healthy Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), describe the ultrasonographic...
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the use of ultrasonography for thyroid gland assessment in healthy Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the thyroid gland and adjacent anatomic structures, and identify potential associations between variations in thyroid gland morphology and demographic features in this species.
ANIMALS
18 captive Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins.
PROCEDURES
1,404 ultrasonographic examinations of the thyroid gland and adjacent anatomic structures (eg, cervical lymph nodes, musculature, and vasculature) were performed during the > 3-year study period. Shape, echogenicity, and homogeneity of thyroid glands were assessed, and glands were categorized into morphological configurations on the basis of results of 2-D and 3-D ultrasonographic evaluation. Associations between demographic factors and thyroid gland morphology were assessed.
RESULTS
Thyroid lobes appeared elliptical or fusiform in the transverse scan plane and round to oval in longitudinal scan planes; morphologically, glands comprised 2 lobes joined by an isthmus or a roughly diamond-shaped structure located on the ventral surface of the trachea. Major blood vessels and cervical lymph nodes were identified. Thyroid parenchyma was typically uniform and homogeneous, with echogenic reticulations and well-defined borders. Thyroid glands were hypoechoic or isoechoic relative to the sternocephalicus muscle; echogenicity was greater in adolescents than in adults. Thyroid gland volume differed between sexes, between sexually mature and immature dolphins, and among age groups and was positively correlated with body length and weight.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Ultrasonography provided a reliable and repeatable method for evaluation of thyroid glands and adjacent anatomic structures in live dolphins.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Bottle-Nosed Dolphin; Female; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Neck; Sex Factors; Sexual Maturation; Thyroid Gland; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 23106453
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.11.1696 -
Meat Science 1987The effect of low voltage electrical stimulation and storage temperatures of 2, 15 and 25°C on biochemical changes in M. sternocephalicus from beef carcasses was...
The effect of low voltage electrical stimulation and storage temperatures of 2, 15 and 25°C on biochemical changes in M. sternocephalicus from beef carcasses was studied. It was shown that electrical stimulation accelerated the glycolytic processes resulting in an immediate increase in muscle lactate and about 30% reduction in ATP. Combination of stimulation and 15 or 25°C temperature further increased the changes with ATP, reaching 2 μM/g muscle in about 2 h post mortem. At 2°C, the biochemical changes were slow. By ensuring that the muscle temperatures in low voltage stimulated carcasses do not fall below 15°C for 2 to 3 h, this should provide favorable conditions for depletion of ATP and glycogen and the prevention of cold shortening at chilling.
PubMed: 22055944
DOI: 10.1016/0309-1740(87)90058-1 -
Journal of Comparative Physiology. B,... 1987Three neck muscles in Swedish reindeer bucks have been studied before and during the rutting season. These were M. splenius, M. sternocephalicus and M....
Three neck muscles in Swedish reindeer bucks have been studied before and during the rutting season. These were M. splenius, M. sternocephalicus and M. brachiocephalicus. For comparison, M. longissimus dorsi was chosen. Fibre composition and fibre size were studied in the four muscles as also was the metabolic potential of three enzymes, representing respiratory chain (cytochrome oxidase), beta-oxidation of fatty acids (3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase) and anaerobic glycolysis (lactate dehydrogenase). The extreme increase in size of certain muscles in the neck in connection with the rutting season (e.g. sternocephalicus, which increases from 250 g to 1,500 g) was to a great extent due to an increase in fibre size. In splenius, all three fibre types studied increased (I, IIA, IIB); in brachiocephalicus, mainly IIA and IIB; and in sternocephalicus, only the IIB. No corresponding fibre increase could be found in longissimus dorsi. In splenius and sternocephalicus from bucks older than 54 months, 60-70% of the fibres were of type I, and in brachiocephalicus, only about 40%. In all muscles but one, oxidative capacity (cytochrome oxidase) and beta-oxidation of fatty acids (3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase) decreased significantly during the rutting season. This indicates that purposes other than the enhancement of energy production by fatty acid oxidation must account for the enlargement of the neck muscles.
Topics: 3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Animals; Electron Transport Complex IV; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Muscle Development; NADH Dehydrogenase; Neck Muscles; Reindeer; Sexual Behavior, Animal
PubMed: 3033035
DOI: 10.1007/BF00702727