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International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2019/ complex (SBSEC), a non-enterococcal group D spp. complex, has been described as commensal bacteria in humans and animals, with a fecal carriage rate in humans varying... (Review)
Review
/ complex (SBSEC), a non-enterococcal group D spp. complex, has been described as commensal bacteria in humans and animals, with a fecal carriage rate in humans varying from 5% to over 60%. Among streptococci, SBSEC isolates represent the most antibiotic-resistant species-with variable resistance rates reported for clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and levofloxacin-and might act as a reservoir of multiple acquired genes. Moreover, reduced susceptibility to penicillin and vancomycin associated with mobile genetic elements have also been detected, although rarely. Since the association of SBSEC bacteremia and colon lesions, infective endocarditis and hepatobiliary diseases has been established, particularly in elderly individuals, an accurate identification of SBSEC isolates to the species and subspecies level, as well as the evaluation of antibiotic resistance, are needed. In this paper, we reviewed the major methods used to identify SBSEC isolates and the antimicrobial resistance rates reported in the scientific literature among SBSEC species.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Streptococcus bovis
PubMed: 30678042
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030480 -
Colorectal Disease : the Official... Mar 2010An association between colonic carcinoma and Streptococcus bovis endocarditis/bacteraemia was first suggested in 1951. This knowledge has great clinical implications,... (Review)
Review
AIM
An association between colonic carcinoma and Streptococcus bovis endocarditis/bacteraemia was first suggested in 1951. This knowledge has great clinical implications, yet we found scant awareness amongst general surgical trainees. The aim of this article was to review the evidence available in the literature and explore the pathophysiology behind this association.
METHOD
The literature was reviewed, between 1950 and 2008, using Pubmed, Embase and Ovid database searches. We utilized different combinations of the keywords: Streptococcus bovis, endocarditis, septicaemia and colon cancer/carcinoma. Quality assessment was determined using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence (May 2001). Studies were selected based on their relevance to the aims to be addressed.
RESULTS
We included nine case reports and found 24 studies demonstrating an association between S. bovis bacteraemia/endocarditis and colon cancer; the reported incidence in studies was variable (6-67%). The majority of studies (20) were retrospective analysis of data; only four studies were prospective. A total of 12 of 24 studies also reported an association with extra-colonic malignancy (1-22%) and 12 with liver disease (3-57%). Eight studies relevant to the pathophysiology of this association were identified.
CONCLUSION
Streptococcus bovis endocarditis and/or bacteraemia is an early clue to the likely presence of colorectal cancer. Whilst further studies are required to determine the precise pathophysiology, clinicians should be aware of this association. It is advisable to investigate rigorously for colon cancer in all patients presenting with S. bovis endocarditis/bacteraemia; such patients may also present with liver disease or, occasionally, extra-colonic malignancy.
Topics: Bacteremia; Colorectal Neoplasms; Endocarditis; Humans; Liver Diseases; Neoplasms; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus bovis
PubMed: 19226366
DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.01814.x -
BMJ Case Reports Apr 2013Acute cholecystitis is a common inflammatory condition of the gallbladder caused most commonly by Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, and Klebsiella organisms. Streptococcus...
Acute cholecystitis is a common inflammatory condition of the gallbladder caused most commonly by Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, and Klebsiella organisms. Streptococcus bovis is a Gram-positive, catalase-negative, anaerobic coccus found as a commensal inhabitant of the digestive system in 16% of healthy people. We report a rare case of acute cholecystitis caused by S bovis and discuss its implications with regard to the two known S bovis biotypes (I & II) both of which are associated with a number of other gastrointestinal diseases.
Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cholecystitis; Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnostic Imaging; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus bovis
PubMed: 23605823
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-008581 -
Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Jul 2015The Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC) is a group of human and animal derived streptococci that are commensals (rumen and gastrointestinal tract),... (Review)
Review
The Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC) is a group of human and animal derived streptococci that are commensals (rumen and gastrointestinal tract), opportunistic pathogens or food fermentation associates. The classification of SBSEC has undergone massive changes and currently comprises 7 (sub)species grouped into four branches based on sequences identities: the Streptococcus gallolyticus, the Streptococcus equinus, the Streptococcus infantarius and the Streptococcus alactolyticus branch. In animals, SBSEC are causative agents for ruminal acidosis, potentially laminitis and infective endocarditis (IE). In humans, a strong association was established between bacteraemia, IE and colorectal cancer. Especially the SBSEC-species S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus is an emerging pathogen for IE and prosthetic joint infections. S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus and the S. infantarius branch are further associated with biliary and urinary tract infections. Knowledge on pathogenic mechanisms is so far limited to colonization factors such as pili and biofilm formation. Certain strain variants of S. gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus and S. infantarius subsp. infantarius are associated with traditional dairy and plant-based food fermentations and display traits suggesting safety. However, due to their close relationship to virulent strains, their use in food fermentation has to be critically assessed. Additionally, implementing accurate and up-to-date taxonomy is critical to enable appropriate treatment of patients and risk assessment of species and strains via recently developed multilocus sequence typing schemes to enable comparative global epidemiology. Comparative genomics revealed that SBSEC strains harbour genomics islands (GI) that seem acquired from other streptococci by horizontal gene transfer. In case of virulent strains these GI frequently encode putative virulence factors, in strains from food fermentation the GI encode functions that are pivotal for strain performance during fermentation. Comparative genomics is a powerful tool to identify acquired pathogenic functions, but there is still an urgent need for more physiological and epidemiological data to understand SBSEC-specific traits.
Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Evolution, Molecular; Food Microbiology; Genome, Bacterial; Genomics; Global Health; Humans; Molecular Epidemiology; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Streptococcus bovis; Streptococcus equi; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 25233845
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.017 -
European Journal of Gastroenterology &... Dec 2015Patients with Streptococcus bovis infective endocarditis have an increased prevalence of advanced colonic neoplasia; however, an association with fecal carriage of the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Patients with Streptococcus bovis infective endocarditis have an increased prevalence of advanced colonic neoplasia; however, an association with fecal carriage of the organism is unclear. S. bovis has been shown to promote colonic neoplasia in preclinical studies. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of S. bovis fecal carriage on the long-term risk of colonic neoplasia.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Patients were prospectively recruited before colonoscopy. S. bovis was detected by culture in stool, colonic fluid aspirates, and biopsies. Patients continued colonoscopic surveillance at intervals according to accepted guidelines. The National Cancer Registry was checked for diagnoses of colorectal cancer on 31 December 2014.
RESULTS
A total of 118 patients were recruited [75 (72.8%) men, aged 64.5±9.3 years] including 15 with S. bovis. The mean duration of follow-up was 190.7±123.5 months. Colonic neoplasia was detected at colonoscopy in six (40.0%) and 49 (47%) patients with and without S. bovis, respectively (P=0.78). At the end of follow-up, colorectal cancer had developed in one (6.7%) S. bovis-positive and six (5.8%) S. bovis-negative patients (P=1.00).
CONCLUSION
Fecal carriage of S. bovis at baseline is not associated with an increased long-term risk of developing colonic neoplasia in this longitudinal study.
Topics: Aged; Carrier State; Case-Control Studies; Colon; Colonoscopy; Colorectal Neoplasms; Feces; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Streptococcus bovis
PubMed: 26340165
DOI: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000000466 -
Medical Science Monitor : International... Aug 2020BACKGROUND An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that Streptococcus bovis and its concomitant inflammatory factors concentrate in the intestine in colorectal...
BACKGROUND An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that Streptococcus bovis and its concomitant inflammatory factors concentrate in the intestine in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the molecular mechanism of S. bovis on colorectal tumorigenesis remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the role of S. bovis in carcinogenesis and its potential mechanism in CRC of mice orally pretreated with S. bovis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The colons of experimental mice were collected and evaluated for the extent of neoplasm. In addition, comparative feces DNA sequencing was adopted to verify the abundance change of S. bovis during the progression of CRC in patients. RESULTS The results of this study found that S. bovis is more likely to be present at higher levels in patients with progressive colorectal carcinoma compared to those adenoma patients and healthy volunteers (P<0.05). Pretreatment with S. bovis aggravated tumor formation in mice, resulting in more substantial and a higher number of tumor nodes (P<0.05). A cytokine expression pattern with increased levels of IL-6, Scyb1, Ptgs2, IL-1ß, TNF, and Ccl2 was detected in S. bovis pretreated CRC mice (all P<0.05). Furthermore, S. bovis recruited myeloid cells, especially CD11b⁺TLR-4⁺ cells, which could promote pro-tumor immunity in the tumor microenvironment (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study indicates that S. bovis may induce a suppressive immunity that is conducive to CRC by recruiting tumor-infiltrating CD11b⁺TLR-4⁺ cells. In conclusion, S. bovis contributes to colorectal tumorigenesis via recruiting CD11b⁺TLR-4⁺ cells.
Topics: Adenoma; Aged; Animals; Bacterial Load; CD11b Antigen; Carcinogenesis; Case-Control Studies; Chemokine CCL2; Chemokine CXCL1; Colonic Neoplasms; Colorectal Neoplasms; Cyclooxygenase 2; Feces; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Middle Aged; Myeloid Cells; Streptococcus bovis; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Tumor Microenvironment; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 32737964
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.921886 -
Microbiology Spectrum Dec 2022Streptococcus bovisStreptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC) is a common cause of infective endocarditis (IE). For IE-pathogens, the capacity to activate and aggregate...
Streptococcus bovisStreptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC) is a common cause of infective endocarditis (IE). For IE-pathogens, the capacity to activate and aggregate platelets is believed to be an important virulence mechanism. While the interactions between bacteria and platelets have been described in detail for many Gram-positive pathogens, little research has been carried out with SBSEC in this respect. Twenty-six isolates of the four most common species and subspecies of SBSEC identified in bacteremia were collected, and interactions with platelets were investigated in platelet rich plasma (PRP) from three donors. Aggregation was studied using light-transmission aggregometry and platelet activation using flow cytometry detecting surface upregulation of CD62P. Platelets and serum were treated with different inhibitors to determine mechanisms involved in platelet aggregation and activation. Twenty-two of 26 isolates induced aggregation in at least one donor, and four isolates induced aggregation in all three donors. In PRP from donor 1, isolate SL1 induced a rapid aggregation with a median time of 70 s to reach 50% aggregation. Blockade of the platelet Fc-receptor or enzymatic cleavage of IgG abolished platelet activation and aggregation. The capacity for bacteria-induced platelet aggregation was also shown to be transferable between donors through serum. SBSEC mediates platelet aggregation in an IgG and IgG-Fc-receptor dependent manner. Bacterial activation of platelets through this pathway is common for many bacteria causing IE and could be a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of this infection. The capacity of bacteria to activate and aggregate platelets is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of IE. The Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC) contains known IE-pathogens, but there is limited research on the different subspecies ability to interact with platelets and what signaling pathways are involved. This study reports that 22 of 26 tested isolates of different subspecies within SBSEC can induce aggregation, and that aggregation is host dependent. The Fc-IgG-receptor pathway was shown essential for platelet activation and aggregation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports on platelet interactions of SBSEC-isolates other than Streptococcus gallolyticus subspecies as well as the first study to report of mechanisms of platelet interaction of SBSEC-isolates. It adds SBSEC to a group of bacteria that activate and aggregate platelets via the platelet Fc-receptor. This could be a potential therapeutic target for prevention of IE.
Topics: Streptococcus bovis; Platelet Activation; Platelet Aggregation; Blood Platelets; Immunoglobulin G
PubMed: 36374116
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01861-22 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jan 2000Streptococcus bovis is a nonenterococcal, group D streptococcus which has been identified as a causative agent for serious human infections, including endocarditis,... (Review)
Review
Streptococcus bovis is a nonenterococcal, group D streptococcus which has been identified as a causative agent for serious human infections, including endocarditis, bacteremia, and septic arthritis. Several cases of adult S. bovis meningitis have been reported, usually in association with underlying disease. In the neonatal period, it is an uncommon agent of meningitis. We report, to our knowledge, the third documented case of neonatal S. bovis meningitis in the English language literature. As in the previous cases, this neonate showed no anatomical or congenital immunologic lesion which might be expected to predispose the patient to meningitis. Sequencing of the 16S ribosomal DNA gene was performed and a new PCR test was used to secure a more reliable identification of the strain.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant; Meningitis, Bacterial; Molecular Sequence Data; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus bovis
PubMed: 10618145
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.38.1.462-463.2000 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jul 2016The Streptococcus bovis group has undergone significant taxonomic changes over the past 2 decades with the advent of new identification methods with higher... (Review)
Review
The Streptococcus bovis group has undergone significant taxonomic changes over the past 2 decades with the advent of new identification methods with higher discriminatory power. Although the current classification system is not yet embraced by all researchers in the field and debate remains over the performance of molecular techniques for identification to the species level within the group, important disease associations for several members of the group have been clarified. Here, we provide a brief overview of the history of the S. bovis group, an outline of the currently accepted classification scheme, a review of associated clinical syndromes, and a summary of the performance and diagnostic accuracy of currently available identification methods.
Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Humans; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus bovis
PubMed: 26912760
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02977-15 -
Journal of Experimental & Clinical... Jan 2011Streptococcus bovis (S. bovis) bacteria are associated with colorectal cancer and adenoma. S. bovis is currently named S. gallolyticus. 25 to 80% of patients with S.... (Review)
Review
Streptococcus bovis (S. bovis) bacteria are associated with colorectal cancer and adenoma. S. bovis is currently named S. gallolyticus. 25 to 80% of patients with S. bovis/gallolyticus bacteremia have concomitant colorectal tumors. Colonic neoplasia may arise years after the presentation of bacteremia or infectious endocarditis of S. bovis/gallolyticus. The presence of S. bovis/gallolyticus bacteremia and/or endocarditis is also related to the presence of villous or tubular-villous adenomas in the large intestine. In addition, serological relationship of S. gallolyticus with colorectal tumors and direct colonization of S. gallolyticus in tissues of colorectal tumors were found. However, this association is still under controversy and has long been underestimated. Moreover, the etiological versus non-etiological nature of this associationis not settled yet. Therefore, by covering the most of up to date studies, this review attempts to clarify the nature and the core of S. bovis/gallolyicus association with colorectal tumors and analyze the possible underlying mechanisms.
Topics: Adenoma; Animals; Bacteremia; Colorectal Neoplasms; Endocarditis; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Inflammation; Intestinal Mucosa; Precancerous Conditions; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus bovis
PubMed: 21247505
DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-11