-
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Jul 2013
Review
Topics: Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Humans; Ivermectin; Life Cycle Stages; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis; Superinfection
PubMed: 23900531
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f4610 -
Der Pathologe Feb 2022
Topics: Animals; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 35015129
DOI: 10.1007/s00292-021-01046-0 -
Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za... Apr 2023is an opportunistic pathogenic parasite that can cause severe strongyloidiasis and even death among immunocompromised individuals. Previous clinical studies have... (Review)
Review
is an opportunistic pathogenic parasite that can cause severe strongyloidiasis and even death among immunocompromised individuals. Previous clinical studies have reported cases co-infected with and other pathogens, such as parasites, viruses, bacteria and fungi. This review summarizes strongyloidiasis patients co-infected with pathogens, and analyzes the impact of co-infection on strongyloidiasis, so as to provide insights into the reduction of the morbidity and mortality of disorders associated with infections.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis; Coinfection; Immunocompromised Host
PubMed: 37253572
DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2022156 -
Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation Aug 2017Strongyloidiasis is a parasitic infection affecting millions of people worldwide. Complications of infection are strongly associated with alcoholism, immunosuppression,... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Strongyloidiasis is a parasitic infection affecting millions of people worldwide. Complications of infection are strongly associated with alcoholism, immunosuppression, and organ transplantation. Delayed diagnosis results in hyperinfection syndrome and disseminated strongyloidiasis leading to mortality rates approaching 80%. Early detection, and prevention of infection and transmission are key to diminish this illness.
RECENT FINDINGS
In this review, we cover the basic concepts in immunity, immunosuppression, and disorder necessary for understanding the infectious syndromes associated with Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Focused discussion on donor-derived transmission and recipient risk in solid organ transplantation is presented. Current methodology for diagnosis, screening algorithms, and treatment are also reviewed.
SUMMARY
Strongyloidiasis complicated by hyperinfection and dissemination remains associated with a poor outcome. The poor outcome pleads for a high level of suspicion and aggressive treatment in at-risk patients. As the population of transplant patients continues to increase, the risk of infection also increases, compelling us to address this highly fatal infectious complication in solid organ transplantation (SOT). Here we review the pathology, immunology, diagnosis, and treatment of strongyloides infection in the immunosuppressed SOT population.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Organ Transplantation; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis; Survival Analysis
PubMed: 28562417
DOI: 10.1097/MOT.0000000000000428 -
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology,... Jun 2019Strongyloidiasis is a major neglected tropical disease with the potential of causing lifelong infection and mortality. One of the ways for effective control of this... (Review)
Review
Strongyloidiasis is a major neglected tropical disease with the potential of causing lifelong infection and mortality. One of the ways for effective control of this disease is developing improved diagnostics, particularly using serological approaches. A serological test can achieve high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, has the potential for point-of-care translation, and can be used as a screening tool for early detection. More research is needed to find clinically important antibody biomarkers for early disease detection, mapping, and epidemiological surveillance. This article summarizes human strongyloidiasis and the available diagnostic tools for the disease, focusing on describing the current antibody assays for strongyloidiasis. Finally, prospects of developing a more effective serodiagnostic tool for strongyloidiasis are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Helminth; Early Diagnosis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Immunoglobulin G; Sensitivity and Specificity; Serologic Tests; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 30482708
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.10.001 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2013The soil-transmitted threadworm, Strongyloides stercoralis, is one of the most neglected among the so-called neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). We reviewed studies of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The soil-transmitted threadworm, Strongyloides stercoralis, is one of the most neglected among the so-called neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). We reviewed studies of the last 20 years on S. stercoralis's global prevalence in general populations and risk groups.
METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
A literature search was performed in PubMed for articles published between January 1989 and October 2011. Articles presenting information on infection prevalence were included. A Bayesian meta-analysis was carried out to obtain country-specific prevalence estimates and to compare disease odds ratios in different risk groups taking into account the sensitivities of the diagnostic methods applied. A total of 354 studies from 78 countries were included for the prevalence calculations, 194 (62.4%) were community-based studies, 121 (34.2%) were hospital-based studies and 39 (11.0%) were studies on refugees and immigrants. World maps with country data are provided. In numerous African, Asian and South-American resource-poor countries, information on S. stercoralis is lacking. The meta-analysis showed an association between HIV-infection/alcoholism and S. stercoralis infection (OR: 2.17 BCI: 1.18-4.01; OR: 6.69; BCI: 1.47-33.8), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings show high infection prevalence rates in the general population in selected countries and geographical regions. S. stercoralis infection is prominent in several risk groups. Adequate information on the prevalence is still lacking from many countries. However, current information underscore that S. stercoralis must not be neglected. Further assessments in socio-economic and ecological settings are needed and integration into global helminth control is warranted.
Topics: Animals; Global Health; Humans; Neglected Diseases; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis; Topography, Medical
PubMed: 23875033
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002288 -
Nefrologia 2023
Topics: Animals; Humans; Strongyloides stercoralis; Kidney Transplantation; Strongyloidiasis; Tissue Donors
PubMed: 36437204
DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2022.11.017 -
Parasitology International Mar 2010The immune system is a highly evolved network of cells and molecules that can distinguish between invading pathogens and the body's own cells. But helminths, in their... (Review)
Review
The immune system is a highly evolved network of cells and molecules that can distinguish between invading pathogens and the body's own cells. But helminths, in their complex forms, are capable of down-regulating host immunity, protecting them from being eliminated and also minimizing severe pathology in the host. This review focuses on Strongyloides stercoralis and the immune responses in immunocompetent and/or immunocompromised individuals. It also highlights the implications for diagnosis/treatment and draws attention to an emerging public health disease. The solution to reducing the prevalence of strongyloidiasis remains on the effectiveness of pre-emptive measures in endemic communities, increased awareness, prompt early diagnosis as well as timely treatment.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Immunocompetence; Immunocompromised Host; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 19892034
DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2009.10.009 -
Clinical Rheumatology Nov 2019Strongyloides stercoralis (S. stercoralis), a human intestinal nematode, can lead to hyper/disseminated (HD) infection in patients treated with corticosteroids. Here, we... (Review)
Review
Strongyloides stercoralis (S. stercoralis), a human intestinal nematode, can lead to hyper/disseminated (HD) infection in patients treated with corticosteroids. Here, we report a case of strongyloidiasis in a 58-year-old female with a history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The patient presented with abdominal pain and gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Stool was negative for parasitic agents in the first direct smear examination, and the patient with the probable diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection or Crohn's disease received antibiotics and corticosteroids. Parasitic agents were not detected in further direct stool examinations, and the patient with the diagnosis of pneumonia, chronic kidney disease (CKD), ulcerative colitis, sepsis, and candidiasis received fungal, antibiotic, and corticosteroids medications. Low sensitivity of direct smear and the lack of using two methods in diagnosing intestinal parasitic infections led to delayed detection. In the fourth direct stool examination, rhabditiform larva of S. stercoralis was reported. The treatment of corticosteroids was discontinued and albendazole was started. A literature review was conducted by searching Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science with the keywords S. stercoralis, strongyloidiasis, RA, and T2DM. Our case indicates that screening S. stercoralis infection in high-risk groups, especially those who are candidates for corticosteroids medications, must be implemented using at least two diagnostic techniques.
Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 31123976
DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04611-4 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Jun 2017
Topics: Animals; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Male; Middle Aged; Opportunistic Infections; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 28614685
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm1612018