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Cancer Surveys 1996
Review
Topics: Humans; Incidence; Radiation Tolerance; Skin Diseases; Skin Neoplasms; Sunlight; Sunscreening Agents; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 8783571
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Cancer Jul 2007Sunscreen use is often proposed for sun protection because of their ability to block UV-induced sunburns (the sun protection factor--SPF). Among suntan seekers, however,... (Review)
Review
Sunscreen use is often proposed for sun protection because of their ability to block UV-induced sunburns (the sun protection factor--SPF). Among suntan seekers, however, risk of cutaneous melanoma may be increased because of extended sun exposure duration. We made a systematic review of the evidence linking sunscreen use to sun exposure duration. Five observational studies found that when sun exposure was associated with willingness to get a tan or to stay longer in the sun (i.e., intentional sun exposure), sunscreen use was associated with duration of sun exposure 13-39% longer. Paradoxically, sunburns tend to be more frequent among sunscreen users, probably because of greater natural sun sensitivity. When sun exposure was not intentional, sunscreen use did not increase time spent in the sun. Two European double-blind randomized trials conducted among young sun seekers found daily sun exposure duration, especially sunbathing, 19-25% longer with use of SPF 30 than with use of SPF 10 sunscreens. One randomized trial in a holiday resort in France found a 3-13% increase in sun exposure duration with use of SPF 12 versus SPF 40 sunscreen. But, the SPF 12 groups used 3.6-4.2 more sunscreen than the SPF 40 group, and thus the actual SPF in the SPF 12 group was higher than in the SPF 40 groups. In conclusion, sunscreen use leads to longer duration of sun exposure when sun exposure is intentional, but not when sun exposure is non intentional.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Humans; Sunburn; Sunlight; Sunscreening Agents
PubMed: 17415716
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22745 -
British Journal of Health Psychology Feb 2013A systematic review and meta-analyses were conducted to identify and review research examining the impact of appearance-based interventions on sun protection intentions... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVES
A systematic review and meta-analyses were conducted to identify and review research examining the impact of appearance-based interventions on sun protection intentions and/or ultraviolet (UV) exposure behaviour.
METHODS
A search of 16 databases including PsycARTICLES, Cochrane Library and Web of Knowledge was conducted to identify studies examining the impact of appearance-based interventions on reducing UV exposure and/or increasing sun protection intentions and behaviours. A total of 21 articles met the inclusion criteria, and these studies were subjected to a systematic review and meta-analyses to determine the effectiveness of the interventions.
RESULTS
Interventions used a variety of techniques including UV technology and photoaging information. Study design and outcome measures varied. The research indicated that appearance-based interventions have a positive effect on UV exposure and sun protection intentions and behaviour.
CONCLUSIONS
Findings suggest that interventions based on the appearance-damaging effects of UV exposure, and the positive effects of sun protection, may have a role in health promotion. It is concluded that there is a need for further research incorporating a wider range of participants, and using qualitative and mixed methods designs.
STATEMENT OF CONTRIBUTION
What is already known on the subject? Recreational exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, are the primary causes of all melanomas, leading to skin cancer. A previous systematic review (Dodd & Forshaw, ) looking at the efficacy of appearance-focussed interventions in skin cancer prevention, suggested that there were significant effects for UV protection behaviour after such interventions. What does this study add? An up-to-date systematic review of studies that has carried out appearance-based interventions to reduce UV exposure and/or increase sun protection intentions and behaviours. A meta-analysis of data providing statistical evidence indicating that appearance-based interventions have a positive effect on UV exposure and sun protection intentions and behaviour.
Topics: Female; Health Behavior; Health Promotion; Humans; Intention; Male; Skin Aging; Sunlight; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 22989352
DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8287.2012.02089.x -
BMC Public Health Dec 2019Skin cancer attributed to sunlight exposure has an increasing trend worldwide, resulting in increased problems for healthcare services. This study aimed to evaluate the...
BACKGROUND
Skin cancer attributed to sunlight exposure has an increasing trend worldwide, resulting in increased problems for healthcare services. This study aimed to evaluate the health safety practices of high school students in Saveh, Iran according to a sun protection guideline produced locally for Iran.
METHOD
This cross-sectional study was done in 31 government and private high schools of Saveh, a central city of Iran. A sun protection questionnaire was designed in accordance with Iran sun protection guideline which has been developed based on the World Health Organization and US Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. The questionnaire consists of four sections of demographic information, knowledge, attitude, and protection behavior. A total of 504 students were selected by simple random sampling method. Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analysis were used to assess the correlation between knowledge, attitude and behavior of the participants.
RESULTS
The mean score of the students' knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding harmfulness of ultraviolet radiation was 50.79 ± 14.64, 60.41 ± 15.04, and 45 ± 11.59, respectively. A significant association was observed between attitude and knowledge, behavior and knowledge as well as attitude. There was a significant correlation between sex and protective behaviors, sex and knowledge (p ≤ 0.001), and education level and knowledge (p = 0.002).
CONCLUSION
students who protected themselves from sunlight less than others believed that their protection level was adequate. Health concerns related to sun exposure suggest the need for increasing the student's awareness in sun protection area. As behavior is influenced by cultural aspects, implementation of the current guideline can be effective in reducing the health effects of sun exposure.
Topics: Adolescent; Cross-Sectional Studies; Environmental Exposure; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Iran; Male; Schools; Skin Neoplasms; Students; Sunlight; Surveys and Questionnaires; Ultraviolet Rays; Urban Population; Young Adult
PubMed: 31878908
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-8100-7 -
Journal of Internal Medicine Jul 2014
Topics: Cause of Death; Environmental Exposure; Female; Humans; Sunbathing; Sunlight
PubMed: 24697849
DOI: 10.1111/joim.12248 -
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and... Mar 2019Ecological studies show that sun or ultraviolet (UV) exposure have inverse associations with blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although sunlight is...
BACKGROUND
Ecological studies show that sun or ultraviolet (UV) exposure have inverse associations with blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although sunlight is the primary source of vitamin D, recent meta-analyses of clinical trials have not reported a beneficial effect from vitamin D supplementation on BP or CVD. Sunlight may have beneficial effects independent of vitamin D. We carried out a systematic review to appraise the extent and quality of the evidence from human studies.
METHODS
Observational and interventional studies that measured sun or UV exposure, along with BP or CVD, were selected after searching databases.
RESULTS
Identified studies could not be combined quantitatively in meta-analysis because of different exposure measures. Solar exposure was inversely associated with BP in 3 out of 4 cross-sectional publications, and with CVD and/or total mortality in 5 out of 6 publications of cohort studies. Two of the cohort studies reported inverse associations between sun exposure and CVD, after adjusting for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Five clinical trials with an appropriate control group were identified, the outcome being BP. Two trials compared UVB with UVA (as control), with only one finding a significant reduction in BP (after 6 weeks). Three trials compared short-term UVA exposure (<30 min) with placebo (or crossover control), of which two reported short-term lowering of BP.
CONCLUSION
This review has identified a small body of evidence that suggests sun exposure protects against high BP and CVD, but further research is required to determine if this is independent of vitamin D.
Topics: Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Protective Factors; Sunlight; Ultraviolet Rays; Vitamin D
PubMed: 30412763
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.11.002 -
Photochemistry and Photobiology Nov 2021The development of a computational model is described that allows time-varying erythema and acclimatization to be determined following repeated exposure to solar...
The development of a computational model is described that allows time-varying erythema and acclimatization to be determined following repeated exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Good agreement was observed between experimental data and model predictions. Results are presented that illustrate how daily, adventitious sun exposure over the course of a year can result in occasional erythema generally in the late spring/early summer, while at the same time showing how the photoadaptive response of the skin changes throughout the year at different latitudes and for different sun-reactive skin types. The model is predicated on three physiological responses; the erythemal response as a function of increasing UV dose, the time courses of erythema and adaptation in response to a single UV exposure. Mathematical models complement observational data and the outputs from the model may help in planning future experimental studies, as well as providing insights into mechanistic responses.
Topics: Acclimatization; Erythema; Humans; Skin; Sunlight; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 34118062
DOI: 10.1111/php.13466 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jul 2021A set of four case-control ( = 109), randomized-controlled ( = 7), cross-sectional ( = 78), and intervention ( = 47) studies was conducted across three countries to...
BACKGROUND
A set of four case-control ( = 109), randomized-controlled ( = 7), cross-sectional ( = 78), and intervention ( = 47) studies was conducted across three countries to investigate the effects of sun exposure on worker physiology and cognition.
METHODS
Physiological, subjective, and cognitive performance data were collected from people working in ambient conditions characterized by the same thermal stress but different solar radiation levels.
RESULTS
People working under the sun were more likely to experience dizziness, weakness, and other symptoms of heat strain. These clinical impacts of sun exposure were not accompanied by changes in core body temperature but, instead, were linked with changes in skin temperature. Other physiological responses (heart rate, skin blood flow, and sweat rate) were also increased during sun exposure, while attention and vigilance were reduced by 45% and 67%, respectively, compared to exposure to a similar thermal stress without sunlight. Light-colored clothes reduced workers' skin temperature by 12-13% compared to darker-colored clothes.
CONCLUSIONS
Working under the sun worsens the physiological heat strain experienced and compromises cognitive function, even when the level of heat stress is thought to be the same as being in the shade. Wearing light-colored clothes can limit the physiological heat strain experienced by the body.
Topics: Cognition; Cross-Sectional Studies; Heat Stress Disorders; Hot Temperature; Humans; Skin Temperature; Sunlight
PubMed: 34300148
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147698 -
Research in Microbiology 2023Sun exposure is harmful to the skin and increases the risk of skin aging and skin cancer. Here we examined the effects of daily exposure to sun radiation on the skin...
Sun exposure is harmful to the skin and increases the risk of skin aging and skin cancer. Here we examined the effects of daily exposure to sun radiation on the skin microbiome in order to determine whether skim microbiome bacteria can contribute to protection from solar damage. Skin swabs were collected from ten lifeguards before and after the summer to analyse the skin microbiome. The results indicate that specific skin microbiome bacteria were enriched following the seasonal sun exposure. Especially interesting were two bacterial families - Sphingomonas and Erythrobacteraceae - which may have the ability to protect against UV radiation as they produce potentially protective compounds. We concentrated on a Sphingomonas strain and could show that it was highly resistant to UV irradiation and was able to reduce reactive oxygen species levels in human keratinocytes. These results provide a proof-of-concept for the role of the skin microbiome in protection from solar radiation.
Topics: Humans; Sunlight; Skin; Oxidative Stress; Ultraviolet Rays; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 37722498
DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104138 -
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &... Mar 2022Sun exposure causes cutaneous squamous (SCC) and basal cell (BCC) carcinomas. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection might cause SCC.
BACKGROUND
Sun exposure causes cutaneous squamous (SCC) and basal cell (BCC) carcinomas. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection might cause SCC.
METHODS
We examined associations of β and γ HPV infection in skin-swab DNA and serum antibodies with skin cancer risk, and modification of the carcinogenic effects of sun exposure by them, in case-control studies of 385 SCC cases, 832 BCC cases, and 1,100 controls nested in an Australian prospective cohort study (enrolled 2006-2009).
RESULTS
Presence of β-1 and β-3 HPV DNA appeared to increase risks for SCC and BCC by 30% to 40% (P adjusted <0.01). BCC was also associated with genus β DNA, OR = 1.48; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.10 to 2.00 (P adjusted <0.01). Associations were strengthened with each additional positive β HPV DNA type: SCC (OR = 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.12) and BCC (OR = 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03-1.10), Ptrend<0.01. Positivity to genus β or γ in serology, and genus γ in DNA, was not associated with either cancer. There was little evidence that any β HPV type was more strongly associated than others with either cancer. A weaker association of sun exposure with SCC and BCC in the presence of β-3 HPVs than in their absence suggests that β-3 HPVs modify sun exposure's effect.
CONCLUSIONS
Our substantive findings are at the level of genus β HPV. Like SCC, BCC risk may increase with increasing numbers of β HPV types on skin.
IMPACT
The consistency in our findings that HPV infection may moderate the effects of sun exposure, the main environmental cause of SCC and BCC, merits further investigation.
Topics: Australia; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Skin Neoplasms; Sunlight
PubMed: 34933956
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-21-1000