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International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2023Classically, superoxide anion O and reactive oxygen species ROS play a dual role. At the physiological balance level, they are a by-product of O reduction, necessary for... (Review)
Review
Classically, superoxide anion O and reactive oxygen species ROS play a dual role. At the physiological balance level, they are a by-product of O reduction, necessary for cell signalling, and at the pathological level they are considered harmful, as they can induce disease and apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and autophagic cell death. This revision focuses on understanding the main characteristics of the superoxide O, its generation pathways, the biomolecules it oxidizes and how it may contribute to their modification and toxicity. The role of superoxide dismutase, the enzyme responsible for the removal of most of the superoxide produced in living organisms, is studied. At the same time, the toxicity induced by superoxide and derived radicals is beneficial in the oxidative death of microbial pathogens, which are subsequently engulfed by specialized immune cells, such as neutrophils or macrophages, during the activation of innate immunity. Ultimately, this review describes in some depth the chemistry related to O and how it is harnessed by the innate immune system to produce lysis of microbial agents.
Topics: Superoxides; Reactive Oxygen Species; Superoxide Dismutase; Apoptosis; Immunity, Innate
PubMed: 36768162
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031841 -
Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and... 1991
Review
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Biological Evolution; DNA Damage; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Superoxide Dismutase; Superoxides
PubMed: 1851570
DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60843-0 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2022Many short-lived and highly reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anion (O) and hydrogen peroxide (HO), are toxic or can create oxidative stress in cells, a... (Review)
Review
Many short-lived and highly reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anion (O) and hydrogen peroxide (HO), are toxic or can create oxidative stress in cells, a response involved in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases depending on their concentration, location, and cellular conditions. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities as an endogenous and exogenous cell defense mechanism include the potential use in treating various diseases, improving the potential use in treating various diseases, and improving food-stuffs preparation dietary supplements human nutrition. Published work indicates that SOD regulates oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidation in cells. It can prevent lipid peroxidation, the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein in macrophages, lipid droplets' formation, and the adhesion of inflammatory cells into endothelial monolayers. It also expresses antioxidant effects in numerous cancer-related processes. Additionally, different forms of SOD may also augment food processing and pharmaceutical applications, exhibit anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, and prevent arterial problems by protecting the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Many investigations in this review have reported the therapeutic ability and physiological importance of SOD. Because of their antioxidative effects, SODs are of great potential in the medicinal, cosmetic, food, farming and chemical industries. This review discusses the findings of human and animal studies that support the advantages of SOD enzyme regulations to reduce the formation of oxidative stress in various ways.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oxidative Stress; Reactive Oxygen Species; Superoxide Dismutase; Superoxides
PubMed: 33905274
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1913400 -
Chemical Reviews Mar 2016Superoxide ion (O2(•-)) is of great significance as a radical species implicated in diverse chemical and biological systems. However, the chemistry knowledge of... (Review)
Review
Superoxide ion (O2(•-)) is of great significance as a radical species implicated in diverse chemical and biological systems. However, the chemistry knowledge of O2(•-) is rather scarce. In addition, numerous studies on O2(•-) were conducted within the latter half of the 20th century. Therefore, the current advancement in technology and instrumentation will certainly provide better insights into mechanisms and products of O2(•-) reactions and thus will result in new findings. This review emphasizes the state-of-the-art research on O2(•-) so as to enable researchers to venture into future research. It comprises the main characteristics of O2(•-) followed by generation methods. The reaction types of O2(•-) are reviewed, and its potential applications including the destruction of hazardous chemicals, synthesis of organic compounds, and many other applications are highlighted. The O2(•-) environmental chemistry is also discussed. The detection methods of O2(•-) are categorized and elaborated. Special attention is given to the feasibility of using ionic liquids as media for O2(•-), addressing the latest progress of generation and applications. The effect of electrodes on the O2(•-) electrochemical generation is reviewed. Finally, some remarks and future perspectives are concluded.
Topics: Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; Electrodes; Environmental Restoration and Remediation; Hazardous Substances; Ionic Liquids; Refuse Disposal; Superoxides
PubMed: 26875845
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00407 -
Chemical Reviews Apr 2014
Review
Topics: Biocatalysis; Catalytic Domain; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Oxidoreductases; Superoxide Dismutase; Superoxides
PubMed: 24684599
DOI: 10.1021/cr4005296 -
FEBS Letters Mar 2012Superoxide dismutases (SODs) catalyze the de toxification of superoxide. SODs therefore acquired great importance as O(2) became prevalent following the evolution of... (Review)
Review
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) catalyze the de toxification of superoxide. SODs therefore acquired great importance as O(2) became prevalent following the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. Thus the three forms of SOD provide intriguing insights into the evolution of the organisms and organelles that carry them today. Although ancient organisms employed Fe-dependent SODs, oxidation of the environment made Fe less bio-available, and more dangerous. Indeed, modern lineages make greater use of homologous Mn-dependent SODs. Our studies on the Fe-substituted MnSOD of Escherichia coli, as well as redox tuning in the FeSOD of E. coli shed light on how evolution accommodated differences between Fe and Mn that would affect SOD performance, in SOD proteins whose activity is specific to one or other metal ion.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Eukaryotic Cells; Humans; Models, Chemical; Molecular Conformation; Oxidation-Reduction; Prokaryotic Cells; Superoxide Dismutase; Superoxides
PubMed: 22079668
DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.10.048 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Oct 2022The superoxide anion - molecular oxygen reduced by a single electron - is produced in large amounts by enzymatic and adventitious reactions. It can perform a range of...
The superoxide anion - molecular oxygen reduced by a single electron - is produced in large amounts by enzymatic and adventitious reactions. It can perform a range of cellular functions, including bacterial warfare and iron uptake, signalling and host immune response in eukaryotes. However, it also serves as precursor for more deleterious species such as the hydroxyl anion or peroxynitrite and defense mechanisms to neutralize superoxide are important for cellular health. In addition to the soluble proteins superoxide dismutase and superoxide reductase, recently the membrane embedded diheme cytochrome b (CybB) from E. coli has been proposed to act as a superoxide:quinone oxidoreductase. Here, we confirm superoxide and cellular ubiquinones or menaquinones as natural substrates and show that quinone binding to the enzyme accelerates the reaction with superoxide. The reactivity of the substrates is in accordance with the here determined midpoint potentials of the two b hemes (+48 and -23 mV / NHE). Our data suggest that the enzyme can work near the diffusion limit in the forward direction and can also catalyse the reverse reaction efficiently under physiological conditions. The data is discussed in the context of described cytochrome b proteins and potential physiological roles of CybB.
Topics: Bacteria; Cytochromes b; Escherichia coli; Oxidoreductases; Superoxides
PubMed: 35671795
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148583 -
Free Radical Research Communications 1989It is proposed that vascular endothelium has an intrinsic capacity to generate O2- for regulatory purposes such as inactivation of endothelium-derived relaxing factor.... (Review)
Review
It is proposed that vascular endothelium has an intrinsic capacity to generate O2- for regulatory purposes such as inactivation of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Ischaemia can disrupt the functioning of this oxidant-generating system, resulting in greater O2- generation when O2 is restored. Ischaemia-induced cellular injury can also lead to release of iron ions, that, upon reperfusion, cause conversion of O2- and H2O2 to powerfully-oxidizing species (such as .OH) that further injure the endothelium.
Topics: Animals; Endothelium, Vascular; Humans; Iron; Reperfusion Injury; Superoxide Dismutase; Superoxides
PubMed: 2538380
DOI: 10.3109/10715768909073413 -
Protoplasma 2001Superoxide is considered to be poorly reactive, and cell damage has been attributed to HO. generated via the Haber-Weiss reaction. The function of O2- in this reaction... (Review)
Review
Superoxide is considered to be poorly reactive, and cell damage has been attributed to HO. generated via the Haber-Weiss reaction. The function of O2- in this reaction is only to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+. In vivo, however, superoxide could not out-compete cellular reductants such as glutathione, NADPH, and ascorbate, which makes the observed O2- toxicity rather puzzling. Little attention has been paid to the idea that, irrespective of its poor chemical reactivity, superoxide might be capable of interacting directly with specific intracellular targets; and that even the Haber-Weiss reaction might be a consequence of such direct interactions. This paper summarizes latest data that support the concept of such a mechanism.
Topics: Escherichia coli; Free Radical Scavengers; Iron; Oxidation-Reduction; Sulfur; Superoxide Dismutase; Superoxides
PubMed: 11732335
DOI: 10.1007/BF01289410 -
News in Physiological Sciences : An... Jun 2004Superoxide is known to affect vascular physiology in several ways and has also been recognized to contribute significantly to vascular physiopathology. Here we discuss... (Review)
Review
Superoxide is known to affect vascular physiology in several ways and has also been recognized to contribute significantly to vascular physiopathology. Here we discuss the emerging role of superoxide as an essential signaling molecule in normal physiology.
Topics: Animals; Cell Division; Humans; Signal Transduction; Superoxides
PubMed: 15143206
DOI: 10.1152/nips.01514.2003