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Cellular Immunology Mar 1984It is shown that B-cell-specific surface antigens are conserved on lymphocytes from phylogenetically distant primate species. Characterization of the expression of those...
It is shown that B-cell-specific surface antigens are conserved on lymphocytes from phylogenetically distant primate species. Characterization of the expression of those antigens on the surface of simian B lymphocytes has led to two observations with important implications for human B-cell physiology. First, lectin stimulation in vitro or antigen stimulation in situ in lymph nodes drives a population of human B lymphocytes to express the B2 but not the B1 antigen on its surface. Second, under pathologic circumstances, this activated B cell can be found in the peripheral blood of monkeys. Thus, the "B2 only" cell defines an activated B lymphocyte whose presence may provide useful diagnostic information concerning pathologic processes.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Surface; Aotus trivirgatus; B-Lymphocytes; Cercopithecidae; Galago; Humans; Hylobates; Lemur; Lymph Nodes; Lymphocyte Activation; Macaca mulatta; Pan troglodytes; Phylogeny; Pokeweed Mitogens; Saguinus
PubMed: 6607777
DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(84)90087-x -
Annual Review of Microbiology 1989
Review
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Antigenic Variation; Antigens, Protozoan; Antigens, Surface; Gene Expression; Molecular Sequence Data; Paramecium
PubMed: 2679355
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.mi.43.100189.000323 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Sep 1983Many hypotheses for the specificity of connections in the nervous system postulate the presence of surface chemical differences between neurons. Hybridoma technology...
Many hypotheses for the specificity of connections in the nervous system postulate the presence of surface chemical differences between neurons. Hybridoma technology offers a potential route to identify such surface antigenic differences between neurons. Monoclonal antibody Cat-301 was one of a panel of antibodies generated by immunizing mice with homogenized adult cat spinal cord. At the light microscopic level, Cat-301 recognizes a subset of neurons in many areas of the vertebrate central nervous system. This report shows at the ultrastructural level that Cat-301 binds to a surface antigen on neurons in the intact vertebrate central nervous system. Cat-301-positive neurons carry the antigen on cell bodies and proximal dendrites but not on axons. Using secondary antibody labeled with horseradish peroxidase, we show that antibody binding sites are present along the surfaces of neurons and extend around presynaptic profiles but are excluded from the synaptic cleft. The distribution of the Cat-301 antigen at central synapses is similar to that described for some components of the extracellular matrix of the neuromuscular junction. This study demonstrates that a specific surface antigen is found on a subset of neurons and suggests that other surface markers may be present on other subsets of mammalian central nervous system neurons. Antibodies against this antigen and other surface antigens may allow insight into the mechanisms involved in the formation and maintenance of synaptic connections in the central nervous system.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Surface; Cats; Epitopes; Mice; Neurons; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 6193523
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.18.5758 -
European Journal of Biochemistry Dec 1983
Review
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Surface; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chromosomes; DNA Transposable Elements; DNA, Circular; Gene Expression Regulation; Genes; Glycoproteins; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Trypanosoma; Variant Surface Glycoproteins, Trypanosoma
PubMed: 6319121
DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07840.x -
Gut Feb 2019
Topics: Antigens, Surface; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; Hepatitis B virus; Humans; Liver Neoplasms
PubMed: 29514859
DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316030 -
Genes Sep 2021Avian coccidiosis is a disease caused by members of the genus . Huge economic losses incurred by the global poultry industry due to coccidiosis have increased the need...
Avian coccidiosis is a disease caused by members of the genus . Huge economic losses incurred by the global poultry industry due to coccidiosis have increased the need for cost-effective and easily available recombinant vaccines. Microneme protein 2 (MIC2) and surface antigen 1 (SAG1) of have been recognised as potential vaccine candidates. However, the genetic diversity of the antigens in field isolates, which affects vaccine efficacy, has yet to be largely investigated. Here, we analysed genetic diversity and natural selection of and in Korean isolates. Both genes exhibited low levels of genetic diversity in Korean isolates. However, the two genes showed different patterns of nucleotide diversity and amino acid polymorphism involving the isolates obtained from different countries including China and India. These results underscore the need to investigate the genetic diversity of the vaccine candidate antigens and warrant monitoring of genetic heterogeneity and evolutionary aspects of the genes in larger numbers of field isolates from different geographical areas to design effective coccidial vaccines.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Protozoan; Antigens, Surface; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Eimeria tenella; Female; Genetic Variation; Microneme; Poultry Diseases; Protozoan Proteins; Selection, Genetic
PubMed: 34573400
DOI: 10.3390/genes12091418 -
Current Protocols Feb 2022Application of flow cytometry principles for the analysis of viruses has been referred to as flow virometry (FVM). FVM is a multiparametric, high-throughput, and... (Review)
Review
Application of flow cytometry principles for the analysis of viruses has been referred to as flow virometry (FVM). FVM is a multiparametric, high-throughput, and sensitive technique that allows viral particles to be detected, quantified, and characterized based on the biophysical properties of the virus and the expression of proteins on their surface. More specifically, by calibrating the flow cytometer with reference materials, it is possible to measure the concentration of intact viral particles in a sample, the abundance of a target antigen on the surface of the virus, and the relative diameter of the virus. Here, we describe a comprehensive overview of procedures used to stain, detect, and quantify viral and host-derived proteins located on the surface of retroviruses. These outlined techniques can be applied for the rapid phenotypic characterization of retroviruses, other enveloped viruses, and generally most viruses at the single-particle level through the direct staining of viruses collected from the supernatant of infected cells, without the need for enrichment or purification. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Virus production Basic Protocol 2: Instrument setup, standardization, and quality control for fluorescence quantification Basic Protocol 3: Flow virometry analysis Basic Protocol 4: Viral surface antigen staining and fluorescence quantification Support Protocol: Determination of the optimal antibody concentration for virus staining Basic Protocol 5: Gain configuration optimization.
Topics: Antigens, Surface; Antigens, Viral; Flow Cytometry; Virion; Viruses
PubMed: 35201679
DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.368 -
Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za... Dec 2014Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that infects all warm-blooded animals. The surface antigens of T. gondii with the potential for application as... (Review)
Review
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that infects all warm-blooded animals. The surface antigens of T. gondii with the potential for application as antigens of diagnosis and vaccines have been studied extensively in recent years, especially for P43, P35, P30, P23 and P22. The studies on the surface antigen in tachyzoites of T. gondii are reviewed in this paper.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Surface; Humans; Protozoan Proteins; Protozoan Vaccines; Toxoplasma; Toxoplasmosis
PubMed: 25856903
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal For Parasitology Oct 2001Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite with an exceptionally broad host range. Recently, it has become apparent that the number of surface... (Review)
Review
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite with an exceptionally broad host range. Recently, it has become apparent that the number of surface antigens (SAGs) it expresses may rival the number of genera it can infect. Most of these antigens belong to the developmentally regulated and distantly related SAG1 or SAG2 families. The genes encoding the surface antigens are distributed throughout the T. gondii genome, with remarkably little polymorphism observed at each locus. Results from a number of studies have suggested that the surface antigens play an important role in the biology of the parasite. For example, SAG3 null mutants generated by targeted disruption provide convincing evidence that this surface antigen, at least, functions during parasite attachment. Analyses of a SAG1 knockout in rodents, however, indicate that this surface antigen may play a crucial role in immune modulation or virulence attenuation. The current understanding of the SAG1 and SAG2 families will be discussed here.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Antigens, Protozoan; Antigens, Surface; Cell Adhesion; Free Radical Scavengers; Genetic Variation; Membrane Glycoproteins; Mice; Phylogeny; RNA-Binding Proteins; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Toxoplasma; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; Virulence
PubMed: 11566296
DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00261-2 -
The Biochemical Journal Jan 1985
Review
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Surface; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Gene Expression Regulation; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Major Histocompatibility Complex; Mice; Mutation; Thy-1 Antigens; beta 2-Microglobulin
PubMed: 2858198
DOI: 10.1042/bj2250027