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Current Atherosclerosis Reports Jun 2023Non-invasive measurements such as arterial stiffness serve as proxy surrogates for detection of early atherosclerosis and ASCVD risk stratification. These surrogate... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Non-invasive measurements such as arterial stiffness serve as proxy surrogates for detection of early atherosclerosis and ASCVD risk stratification. These surrogate measurements are influenced by age, gender, and ethnicity and affected by the physiological changes of puberty and somatic growth in children and adolescents.
RECENT FINDINGS
There is no consensus of the ideal method to measure surrogate markers in youth (< 18 years of age), nor standardized imaging protocols for youth. Currently, pediatric normative data are available but not generalizable. In this review, we provide rationale on how currently used surrogates can help identify subclinical atherosclerosis in youth and affirm their role in identifying youth at risk for premature CVD.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Child; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carotid Arteries; Risk Factors; Atherosclerosis; Biomarkers; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Vascular Stiffness
PubMed: 37148462
DOI: 10.1007/s11883-023-01101-6 -
Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia Dec 2020BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) improve long-term survival of patients with chronic-phase (CP) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Recently, the treatment goal... (Review)
Review
BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) improve long-term survival of patients with chronic-phase (CP) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Recently, the treatment goal for patients with CML-CP became safe discontinuation of TKIs. Several clinical trials have shown that approximately half of patients who experience a durable deep molecular response during TKI treatment maintain molecular remission after discontinuation of TKIs. However, the factors responsible for successful treatment-free remission (TFR) remain unclear. This study reviews very recent TKI discontinuation studies, focusing on factors responsible for TFR in patients with CML-CP. Longer TKI treatment duration, time of deep molecular response, presence of withdrawal syndrome, deeper molecular response, lower Sokal score, interferon α treatment before TKI administration, and favorable natural killer or T-cell profiles may be associated with TFR. However, different study designs have generated inconsistent data. Further investigations are needed to identify factors that consistently favor achievement of TFR.
Topics: Biomarkers; Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Remission Induction
PubMed: 32768385
DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2020.07.004 -
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and... Feb 2016The natural course of many abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is to gradually expand and eventually rupture and monitoring the disease progression is essential to their... (Review)
Review
The natural course of many abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is to gradually expand and eventually rupture and monitoring the disease progression is essential to their management. In this publication, we review surrogate markers of AAA progression. AAA diameter remains the most widely used and important marker of AAA growth. Standardized reporting of reproducible methods of measuring AAA diameter is essential. Newer imaging assessments, such as volume measurements, biomechanical analyses, and functional and molecular imaging, as well as circulating biomarkers, have potential to add important information about AAA progression. Currently, however, there is insufficient evidence to recommend their routine use in clinical practice.
Topics: Animals; Aorta, Abdominal; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal; Aortic Rupture; Biomarkers; Biomechanical Phenomena; Diagnostic Imaging; Dilatation, Pathologic; Disease Progression; Humans; Predictive Value of Tests; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors
PubMed: 26715680
DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.306538 -
Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation Oct 2010There is continued interest in defining viable noninvasive alternatives to endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) for monitoring recipients of orthotopic heart transplantation for... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
There is continued interest in defining viable noninvasive alternatives to endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) for monitoring recipients of orthotopic heart transplantation for episodes of rejection. This review summarizes the evidence of clinical utility for both available and emerging surrogate markers of rejection.
RECENT FINDINGS
A variety of imaging modalities and peripheral biomarkers has been evaluated for this purpose and to date have had inadequate accuracy to replace EMB. Gene expression profile analysis is the most promising complementary technology to emerge, but there is insufficient clinical trial evidence at this time to allow gene expression profile as a substitution for EMB in all but a select group of patients.
SUMMARY
The gold standard at this time for routine surveillance of orthotopic heart transplantation rejection remains EMB. However, on the basis of recent clinical trial results, gene expression profile analysis appears to be a useful adjunctive tool in monitoring for rejection and may permit a significant reduction in the frequency of EMB in low-risk patients.
Topics: Biomarkers; Biopsy; Diagnostic Imaging; Gene Expression Profiling; Genetic Markers; Genetic Testing; Graft Rejection; Heart Transplantation; Humans; Predictive Value of Tests
PubMed: 20651597
DOI: 10.1097/MOT.0b013e32833d7e31 -
American Journal of Respiratory and... May 2021
Topics: Biomarkers; Humans; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Lung Neoplasms; Prognosis
PubMed: 33789070
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202103-0740ED -
PloS One 2017HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Chronic low-grade immune activation is likely one of the driving mechanisms. This... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Chronic low-grade immune activation is likely one of the driving mechanisms. This systematic review provides an overview of the evidence addressing the relation between immune markers and surrogate markers of CVD (except CIMT) in HIV infection.
METHODS
A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library identifying all articles from 1996 to April 2015. It addressed the relation between immune markers and surrogate markers of CVD (except Carotid Intima-media Thickness) in HIV-positive adults. Two authors, using predefined criteria, independently conducted the selection of articles, critical appraisal and extraction of the data. Analysis focused on immune markers that were assessed most frequently. The review was conducted according to the PRISMA guideline and performed as part of an overarching review registered with PROSPERO (CRD42014010516).
FINDINGS
Twenty-nine articles were selected, describing 34 immune markers and nine different CVD surrogate outcomes: coronary calcium score (13 times) and flow-mediated dilation (10 times) were used most frequently. Twenty-seven studies had a cross-sectional design. CRP, IL-6 and sVCAM-1 were assessed most frequently. None of the immune markers were clearly associated with any of the surrogate CVD outcomes. No effect estimate could be calculated due to marked heterogeneity in study populations, immune markers, outcomes and statistical approaches.
INTERPRETATION
This review could not identify a clear association between any of the immune markers and surrogate CVD outcomes. This may reflect a true lack of association, or may be explained by heterogeneity across studies and lack of follow-up data. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies measuring a select set of immune markers and surrogate CVD outcomes awaiting the primary outcome of clinical cardiovascular events.
Topics: Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans
PubMed: 28085961
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169986 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2023
Topics: Child; Humans; Adiposity; Blood Pressure; Obesity; Hypertension; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Risk Factors
PubMed: 38465005
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2023.46.114.42371 -
Journal of Diabetes and Its... Jun 2020
Topics: Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Male; Vascular Stiffness
PubMed: 32307220
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2019.107491 -
Current Protocols in Pharmacology Mar 2017A biomarker is a biological observation that substitutes for and ideally predicts a clinically relevant endpoint or intermediate outcome that is more difficult to... (Review)
Review
A biomarker is a biological observation that substitutes for and ideally predicts a clinically relevant endpoint or intermediate outcome that is more difficult to observe. The use of clinical biomarkers is easier and less expensive than direct measurement of the final clinical endpoint, and biomarkers are usually measured over a shorter time span. They can be used in disease screening, diagnosis, characterization, and monitoring; as prognostic indicators; for developing individualized therapeutic interventions; for predicting and treating adverse drug reactions; for identifying cell types; and for pharmacodynamic and dose-response studies. To understand the value of a biomarker, it is necessary to know the pathophysiological relationship between the biomarker and the relevant clinical endpoint. Good biomarkers should be measurable with little or no variability, should have a sizeable signal to noise ratio, and should change promptly and reliably in response to changes in the condition or its therapy. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Topics: Biomarkers; Biomarkers, Pharmacological; Diagnosis; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Discovery; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Pharmacokinetics; Sensitivity and Specificity; Signal-To-Noise Ratio; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 28306150
DOI: 10.1002/cpph.19 -
The American Journal of Psychiatry Oct 2021
Topics: Biomarkers; Brain; Depressive Disorder, Major; Humans; Insulin Resistance
PubMed: 34592845
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21080814