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CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Feb 2007Providing health care for a woman with a surrogate pregnancy involves unique challenges. Although the ethical debate surrounding surrogacy continues, Canada has banned... (Review)
Review
Providing health care for a woman with a surrogate pregnancy involves unique challenges. Although the ethical debate surrounding surrogacy continues, Canada has banned commercial, but not altruistic, surrogacy. In the event of a custody dispute between a surrogate mother and the individual(s) intending to parent the child, it is unclear how Canadian courts would rule. The prenatal health care provider must take extra care to protect the autonomy and privacy rights of the surrogate. There is limited evidence about the medical and psychological risks of surrogacy. Whether theoretical concerns about these risks are clinically relevant remains unknown. In the face of these uncertainties, the prenatal health care provider should have a low threshold for seeking obstetrical, social work, ethical and legal support.
Topics: Canada; Female; Humans; Infant Welfare; Infant, Newborn; Maternal Health Services; Maternal Welfare; Personal Autonomy; Policy Making; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Pregnancy; Surrogate Mothers
PubMed: 17296962
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.060696 -
Human Reproduction Update 2007This review addresses the psychosocial research carried out on surrogacy triads (surrogate mothers, commissioning mothers and offspring) and shows that research has... (Review)
Review
This review addresses the psychosocial research carried out on surrogacy triads (surrogate mothers, commissioning mothers and offspring) and shows that research has focused on a number of specific issues: attachment and disclosure to surrogate offspring; experiences, characteristics and motivations of surrogate mothers; and changes in profiles of the commissioning/intended mothers. Virtually all studies have used highly selected samples making generalizations difficult. There have been a notable lack of theory, no interventions and only a handful of longitudinal studies or studies comparing different populations. Few studies have specifically questioned the meaning of and need for a family or the influence and impact that professionals, treatment availability and financial factors have on the choices made for surrogate and intended mothers. Societal attitudes have changed somewhat; however, according to public opinion, women giving up babies still fall outside the acceptable remit. Surrogate and intended mothers appear to reconcile their unusual choice through a process of cognitive restructuring, and the success or failure of this cognitive appraisal affects people's willingness to be open and honest about their choices. Normal population surveys, on the contrary, are less accepting of third party reproduction; they have no personal need to reconsider and hence maintain their original normative cognitively consonant state.
Topics: Family Relations; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Parents; Pregnancy; Surrogate Mothers
PubMed: 16936307
DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dml039 -
The New Bioethics : a Multidisciplinary... Mar 2019Surrogacy is an increasingly frequent form of family building and allows individuals to become parents despite an infertility diagnosis or a biological impossibility....
Surrogacy is an increasingly frequent form of family building and allows individuals to become parents despite an infertility diagnosis or a biological impossibility. Positive outcomes for both the surrogacy child and the surrogate mother have been reported, including in cases of same-sex male couples and single persons. There is an on-going debate because remuneration does not necessarily involve undue inducement of the surrogate or transformation of the child into a commodity. The right to regret and the doctors' autonomy are also addressed in this paper. Nevertheless, literature on surrogacy is scarce, and most of the existing studies have important methodological limitations, so further investigation is much needed. We believe that counselling should be granted for both intended parents and surrogate, in order to prevent the majority of problems. We also agree that parental vetting should be possible, focusing the doctor's responsibility also in the future child.
Topics: Adult; Child; Counseling; Female; Human Rights; Humans; Male; Moral Obligations; Parent-Child Relations; Parents; Pregnancy; Reproduction; Surrogate Mothers
PubMed: 30632942
DOI: 10.1080/20502877.2019.1564007 -
Journal of in Vitro Fertilization and... Feb 1988A successful triplet pregnancy has been established in a surrogate gestational mother following the transfer of five embryos fertilized in vitro. The oocytes were...
A successful triplet pregnancy has been established in a surrogate gestational mother following the transfer of five embryos fertilized in vitro. The oocytes were donated by her biological daughter, and the sperm obtained from the daughter's husband. The daughter's infertility followed a total abdominal hysterectomy performed for a postpartum hemorrhage as a result of a placenta accreta. Synchronization of both their menstrual cycles was obtained using oral contraceptive suppression for 2 months, followed by stimulation of both the surrogate gestational mother and her daughter such that embryo transfer would occur at least 48 hr after the surrogate gestational mother's own ovulation. This case raises a number of medical, social, psychological, and ethical issues.
Topics: Adult; Female; Fertilization in Vitro; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mother-Child Relations; Mothers; Oocyte Donation; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Multiple; Surrogate Mothers; Triplets
PubMed: 3367072
DOI: 10.1007/BF01138867 -
Bioethics Jan 1989
Topics: Adoption; Advance Directives; Coercion; Contracts; Disclosure; Ethics; Fees and Charges; Female; Freedom; Humans; Informed Consent; Maternal-Fetal Relations; Motivation; Parent-Child Relations; Paternalism; Personal Autonomy; Reproduction; Risk; Risk Assessment; Social Control, Formal; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress, Psychological; Surrogate Mothers; Women's Rights; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 11650109
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8519.1989.tb00323.x -
Lakartidningen
Review
Topics: Female; Humans; Parent-Child Relations; Patient Care Team; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted; Surrogate Mothers
PubMed: 24855747
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal International de Bioethique Et... May 2021As gestational surrogacy was forbidden in France in July 2015, the French supreme court decided to depart from previous case-law on the matter after the European Court...
As gestational surrogacy was forbidden in France in July 2015, the French supreme court decided to depart from previous case-law on the matter after the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruled against France in four separate cases. Now, (as in the April 2017 communication1), the French Cour de Cassation has ruled that in the case of gestational surrogacy carried out abroad, the birth certificate of a child born by way of such method may be added to the French civil register along with the father’s name and without the mother’s name as she did not deliver birth.The article provides an analysis of this change in case-law. First part will examine the evolution of gestational surrogacy-related case-law and the measures taken by the French legislator on the matter. Second part will focus on the Cour de cassation’s turnaround in case-law that followed the ECHR ruling against France on the issue of the approval by domestic law of the legal relationship established between a French biological father and a child born abroad as a result of surrogacy treatment.
Topics: Child; Female; France; Human Rights; Humans; Pregnancy; Surrogate Mothers
PubMed: 34378882
DOI: 10.3917/jibes.321.0113 -
Journal of in Vitro Fertilization and... Jun 1989
Topics: Female; Humans; Surrogate Mothers; Triplets
PubMed: 2794737
DOI: 10.1007/BF01130787 -
The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy Dec 2015Because it is often argued that surrogacy should not be treated as contractual, the question arises in which terms this practice might then be couched. In this article,...
Because it is often argued that surrogacy should not be treated as contractual, the question arises in which terms this practice might then be couched. In this article, I argue that a phenomenology of surrogacy centering on the notion of trust provides a description that is illuminating from the moral point of view. My thesis is that surrogacy establishes a complex and extended reproductive unit--the "surrogacy triad" consisting of the surrogate mother, the child, and the intending parents--whose constituents are bound together by mutual trustful commitments. Even though a trust-based approach does not provide an ultimate answer to whether surrogacy should be sanctioned or prohibited, it allows for at least some practical suggestions. In particular, I will argue that, under certain conditions, surrogacy is tenable within familial or other significant relationships, and I will stress the necessity of acknowledging the new relationships and moral commitments that result from this practice.
Topics: Commerce; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Male; Parents; Power, Psychological; Pregnancy; Quality of Life; Social Identification; Surrogate Mothers; Trust
PubMed: 26449234
DOI: 10.1093/jmp/jhv024 -
Cuadernos de Bioetica : Revista Oficial... 2017Motherhood by subrogation is an issue that directly affects human rights and, ultimately, human dignity. Therefore, if we want to give an adequate response to this...
Motherhood by subrogation is an issue that directly affects human rights and, ultimately, human dignity. Therefore, if we want to give an adequate response to this issue, it is essential to reflect on how this practice affects the dignity and rights of the people involved in it and, more specifically, the pregnant mother. This study tries to show how in relation to the latter, maternity by subrogation directly contradicts some basic requirements of human dignity, since it reifies, instrumentalizes, convert into an object of commerce, and disregards the personal uniqueness of pregnant women.
Topics: Female; Human Rights; Humans; Personhood; Pregnancy; Pregnant Women; Surrogate Mothers
PubMed: 28621959
DOI: No ID Found