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Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 1986Heat dissipation, under conditions of thermal stress, is mediated primarily by evaporation of sweat. Physical training has been shown to enhance sweat production by... (Review)
Review
Heat dissipation, under conditions of thermal stress, is mediated primarily by evaporation of sweat. Physical training has been shown to enhance sweat production by eliciting changes in the sensitivity of eccrine glands, total sweat output and distribution of gland activity. These adaptations afford partial acclimation. Heat acclimation produces similar changes, and also results in reduced sweat thresholds. To account for these different responses it has been hypothesised that physical training induces peripheral adaptations, while acclimation produces both peripheral and central modifications. It is suggested that repeated cutaneous heat detection may be essential to the development of central sudomotor changes.
Topics: Acclimatization; Body Temperature Regulation; Eccrine Glands; Humans; Ions; Physical Education and Training; Skin Temperature; Sweat; Sweat Glands; Sweating
PubMed: 3538269
DOI: 10.2165/00007256-198603060-00001 -
The British Journal of Psychiatry : the... Nov 1978
Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Humans; Lithium; Pilocarpine; Sweat; Sweating
PubMed: 728699
DOI: 10.1192/bjp.133.5.477b -
The Journal of the Association of... Oct 2022Hematohidrosis is an uncommon pathophysiological condition of sweating blood. A young lady with abrupt bleeding from the skin (since January 2017) was brought to the...
Hematohidrosis is an uncommon pathophysiological condition of sweating blood. A young lady with abrupt bleeding from the skin (since January 2017) was brought to the emergency. The bleeding was vanished after mopping with no site of injury, but it reappeared soon enough confirming its nature. Bleeding time (BT), clotting time (CT), and the prothrombin time (PT) was within normal limit. This patient is confirmed as a case of hematohidrosis by the method of exclusion and the presence of blood was finalized by benzidine test as well as biochemical and microscopic examination of it. Now, no treatment is available as per the latest pieces of evidence. Also, the cause of it is not known till date. Psychological anxiety is a predisposing cause for hematohidrosis.
Topics: Humans; Sweating; Sweat; Hemorrhage; Skin
PubMed: 37355873
DOI: 10.5005/japi-11001-0121 -
Irish Journal of Medical Science Feb 2022As the SARS-CoV-2 virus made a pandemic all over the world, its transmission routes became significant. Transmission from human to human is known, but other possible...
BACKGROUND
As the SARS-CoV-2 virus made a pandemic all over the world, its transmission routes became significant. Transmission from human to human is known, but other possible routes are not determined well.
AIMS
This study aimed to reveal the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in sweat.
METHODS
This prospective study was conducted in a tertiary care education and training hospital. Fifty patients were included in this study. Skin disinfection was done with an alcohol-based solution. Swabs for RT-PCR (real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) were taken from forehead and axilla skin after sweating patients for 30 min. After collection of sweat, swabs were placed into 2 ml of sterile viral transport medium, then transported quickly to the microbiology laboratory.
RESULTS
No SARS-CoV-2 virus was detected in RT-PCR of forehead and axilla swabs.
CONCLUSION
This study showed that there is no transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus via sweat. However, general precautions must be taken while doing interventional procedures.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Prospective Studies; RNA, Viral; SARS-CoV-2; Sweat; Sweating
PubMed: 33580478
DOI: 10.1007/s11845-021-02537-y -
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &... Feb 2017The aim of this investigation was to determine the influence of sweat electrolyte concentration on body water and electrolyte homeostasis during a marathon. Fifty-one...
The aim of this investigation was to determine the influence of sweat electrolyte concentration on body water and electrolyte homeostasis during a marathon. Fifty-one runners completed a marathon race in a warm and dry environment (24.4 ± 3.6 °C). Runners were classified as low-salt sweaters (n = 21; <30 mmol/L of sweat Na concentration), typical sweaters (n = 20; ≥30 and <60 mmol/L of sweat Na concentration), and salty sweaters (n = 10; ≥60 mmol/L of sweat Na concentration). Before and after the race, body mass and a sample of venous blood were obtained. During the race, sweat samples were collected by using sweat patches, and fluid and electrolyte intake were recorded by using self-reported questionnaires. Low-salt, typical and salty sweaters presented similar sweat rates (0.93 ± 0.2, 0.92 ± 0.29, 0.99 ± 0.21 L/h, respectively), body mass changes (-3.0 ± 1.0, -3.3 ± 1.0, -3.2 ± 0.8%), total Na intake (12.7 ± 8.1, 11.5 ± 9.7, 14.5 ± 16.6 mmol), and fluid intake (1.3 ± 0.8, 1.2 ± 0.8, 1.2 ± 0.6 L) during the race. However, salty sweaters presented lower post-race serum Na concentration (140.8 ± 1.3 vs 142.5 ± 1.1, 142.4 ± 1.4 mmol/L; P < 0.01) and serum osmolality (297 ± 6 vs 299 ± 5, 301 ± 6 mOsm/kg; P < 0.05) than low-salt and typical sweaters. Sweat electrolyte concentration could influence post-race serum electrolyte concentration in the marathon. However, even the saltiest sweaters did not develop exercise-associated hyponatremia or associated symptoms.
Topics: Adult; Athletes; Body Water; Drinking; Humans; Hyponatremia; Male; Middle Aged; Osmolar Concentration; Running; Sodium; Sweat; Sweating; Water-Electrolyte Balance
PubMed: 26661748
DOI: 10.1111/sms.12637 -
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Jun 2023The compositions of sweat and blood are related. Therefore, sweat is an ideal noninvasive test body fluid that could replace blood for linear detection of many...
The compositions of sweat and blood are related. Therefore, sweat is an ideal noninvasive test body fluid that could replace blood for linear detection of many biomarkers, especially blood glucose. However, access to sweat samples remains limited to physical exercise, thermal stimulation, or electrical stimulation. Despite intensive research, a continuous, innocuous, and stable method for sweat stimulation and detection has not yet been developed. In this study, a nanomaterial for a sweat-stimulating gel based on the transdermal drug delivery system is presented, which transports acetylcholine chloride into the receptors of sweat glands to achieve the function of biological stimulation of skin sweating. The nanomaterial was applied to a suitable integrated sweat glucose detection device for noninvasive blood glucose monitoring. The total amount of evaporated sweat enabled by the nanomaterial is up to 35 μL·cm for 24 h, and the device detects up to 17.65 μM glucose under optimal conditions, showing stable performance regardless of the user's activity level. In addition, the in vivo test was performed and compared with several studies and products, which showed excellent detection performance and osmotic relationship. The nanomaterial and associated integrated device represent a significant advance in continuous passive sweat stimulation and noninvasive sweat glucose measurement for point-of-care applications.
Topics: Sweating; Sweat; Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Glucose
PubMed: 37318096
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03401 -
Journal of Strength and Conditioning... Feb 2020Bigg, JL, Gamble, ASD, Vermeulen, TF, Bigg, LM, and Spriet, LL. Sweat loss and fluid intake of female varsity ice hockey players during on-ice practices and games. J...
Bigg, JL, Gamble, ASD, Vermeulen, TF, Bigg, LM, and Spriet, LL. Sweat loss and fluid intake of female varsity ice hockey players during on-ice practices and games. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 389-395, 2020-Sweat losses of ∼1.5-2% body mass (BM) during exercise impairs athletic performance in stop and go sports such as ice hockey. The study examined the pre-exercise hydration status, sweat loss, fluid and carbohydrate (CHO) intake, and sodium balance of female hockey players. Twenty-four female varsity hockey players were tested during 2 practices and 4 games. Data analyses were performed using a level of significance of p ≤ 0.05. Over 70% of players arrived at the practices and ∼50% of players arrived at the game mildly dehydrated. Before the high- (P1) and low-intensity (P2) practices, players consumed an average of 0.19 ± 0.14 and 0.15 ± 0.13 L. Before the games, mean fluid intake was 0.39 ± 0.19 L. The sweat rate during P1 was significantly greater than P2 (p = 0.006), but there was no significant difference in total fluid intake between practices (p = 0.279). Consequently, the average BM loss for P1 was significantly greater than that for P2 (p = 0.016). Sweat loss during games was 1.01 ± 0.29 L and fluid intake was 0.70 ± 0.43 L, resulting in minimal BM losses (<1% BM for all players). CHO intake during games was 39.2 ± 22.8 g, with 19/20 players consuming CHO before or during the intermissions of the game. Sweat sodium losses were 0.64 ± 0.34 and 0.32 ± 0.18 g·h for P1 and P2, and 0.83 ± 0.38 g during the game. In conclusion, female ice hockey players replaced the fluid they lost through sweat during practices and games and maintained adequate hydration. Players also consumed adequate CHO during games from the CHO containing food and drinks provided.
Topics: Adolescent; Drinking; Female; Hockey; Humans; Sodium; Sweat; Sweating; Young Adult
PubMed: 31714456
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003351 -
The Journal of Thoracic and... Aug 2016
Topics: Humans; Hyperhidrosis; Sweat; Sweating
PubMed: 27179845
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.03.069 -
Clinical Autonomic Research : Official... Feb 2019The aim of this study was to report a method that quantifies axon reflex sweating from individual sweat glands with nanoliter precision. Measurement of the axon reflex...
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to report a method that quantifies axon reflex sweating from individual sweat glands with nanoliter precision. Measurement of the axon reflex is generally expressed as a single variable (e.g., the flare area or total sweat volume). High-definition videography enables precise measurement of sweating from single, axon reflex-stimulated sweat glands (SGs).
METHODS
The sudomotor axon reflex was activated in healthy subjects and subjects with peripheral neuropathy by iontophoresis of 10% acetylcholine. Sweating was simultaneously imaged for 5 min in a 2.5-cm area of iodine-coated skin to one side of the stimulus, using a customized high-resolution camera with starch-coated transparent tape over a rigid viewing screen. A second video then imaged the directly stimulated sweating. The indirect sweat response was quantified in terms of sweat gland number and distance from the stimulation site (radius), sweat rate per gland, and total sweat.
RESULTS
Fifty-two healthy control and twenty subjects with neuropathy underwent testing at the foot, calf, thigh, and hand. Normal ranges were calculated for SG density, mean sweat rate per SG, and total sweat volume. Neuropathy subjects demonstrated reduced sweating, and values differed between body sites.
INTERPRETATION
The described method precisely measures the total and individual sweat output of hundreds of SGs in response to a standard, axon reflex-mediated stimulus, and quantifies alterations in axon reflex sweating seen in peripheral neuropathy.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Axons; Female; Humans; Iontophoresis; Male; Middle Aged; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Reflex; Sweat; Sweating; Young Adult
PubMed: 30032335
DOI: 10.1007/s10286-018-0546-7 -
Annual International Conference of the... Nov 2021Operating at low sweat rates, such as those experienced by humans at rest, is still an unmet need for state-of-the-art wearable sweat harvesting and testing devices for...
Operating at low sweat rates, such as those experienced by humans at rest, is still an unmet need for state-of-the-art wearable sweat harvesting and testing devices for lactate. Here, we report the on-skin performance of a non-invasive wearable sweat sampling patch that can harvest sweat at rest, during exercise, and post-exercise. The patch simultaneously uses osmosis and evaporation for long-term (several hours) sampling of sweat. Osmotic sweat withdrawal is achieved by skin-interfacing a hydrogel containing a concentrated solute. The gel interfaces with a paper strip that transports the fluid via wicking and evaporation. Proof of concept results show that the patch was able to sample sweat during resting and post-exercise conditions, where the lactate concentration was successfully quantified. The patch detected the increase in sweat lactate levels during medium level exercise. Blood lactate remained invariant with exercise as expected. We also developed a continuous sensing version of the patch by including enzymatic electrochemical sensors. Such a battery-free, passive, wearable sweat sampling patch can potentially provide useful information about the human metabolic activity.
Topics: Humans; Hydrogels; Lactic Acid; Sweat; Sweating; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 34892683
DOI: 10.1109/EMBC46164.2021.9630881