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Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany) Jul 2021Urinary tract infection is a commonly occurring paediatric infection associated with significant morbidity. Diagnosis is challenging as symptoms are non-specific and... (Review)
Review
Urinary tract infection is a commonly occurring paediatric infection associated with significant morbidity. Diagnosis is challenging as symptoms are non-specific and definitive diagnosis requires an uncontaminated urine sample to be obtained. Common techniques for sampling in non-toilet-trained children include clean catch, bag, pad, in-out catheterisation and suprapubic aspiration. The pros and cons of each method are examined in detail in this review. They differ significantly in frequency of use, contamination rates and acceptability to parents and clinicians. National guidance of which to use differs significantly internationally. No method is clearly superior. For non-invasive testing, clean catch sampling has a lower likelihood of contamination and can be made more efficient through stimulation of voiding in younger children. In invasive testing, suprapubic aspiration gives a lower likelihood of contamination, a high success rate and a low complication rate, but is considered painful and is not preferred by parents. Urine dipstick testing is validated for ruling in or out UTI provided that leucocyte esterase (LE) and nitrite testing are used in combination.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Parents; Specimen Handling; Urinalysis; Urinary Tract Infections; Urination; Urine; Urine Specimen Collection
PubMed: 32918601
DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04742-w -
Journal of Smooth Muscle Research =... Jun 2005The micturition reflex is one of the autonomic reflexes, but the release of urine is regulated by voluntary neural mechanisms that involve centers in the brain and... (Review)
Review
The micturition reflex is one of the autonomic reflexes, but the release of urine is regulated by voluntary neural mechanisms that involve centers in the brain and spinal cord. The micturition reflex is a bladder-to-bladder contraction reflex for which the reflex center is located in the rostral pontine tegmentum (pontine micturition center: PMC). There are two afferent pathways from the bladder to the brain. One is the dorsal system and the other is the spinothalamic tract. Afferents to the PMC ascend in the spinotegmental tract, which run through the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord. The efferent pathway from the PMC also runs through the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord to inhibit the thoracolumbar sympathetic nucleus and the sacral pudendal nerve nucleus, while promoting the activity of the sacral parasymapathetic nucleus. Inhibition of the sympathetic nucleus and pudendal nerve nucleus induces relaxation of the bladder neck and the external urethral sphincter, respectively. There are two centers that inhibit micturition in the pons, which are the pontine urine storage center and the rostral pontine reticular formation. In the lumbosacral cord, excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory glycinergic/GABAergic neurons influence both the afferent and efferent limbs of the micturition reflex. The activity of these neurons is affected by the pontine activity. There are various excitatory and inhibitory areas co-existing in the brain, but the brain has an overall inhibitory effect on micturition, and thus maintains continence. For micturition to occur, the cerebrum must abate its inhibitory influence on the PMC.
Topics: Animals; Central Nervous System; Humans; Urinary Bladder; Urination; Urine
PubMed: 16006745
DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.41.117 -
ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering Nov 2020Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which have promising potential applications in regenerative medicine. However, the...
Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which have promising potential applications in regenerative medicine. However, the challenges of successful applications of human iPSCs for medical purposes are the low generation efficiency, heterogeneous colonies, and exposure to the animal-derived product Matrigel. We aimed to investigate whether human urinal cells could be efficiently reprogrammed into iPSCs in three-dimensional Puramatrix (3D-PM) compared to two-dimensional Matrigel (2D-MG) and to understand how this 3D hydrogel environment affects the reprogramming process. Human urinal cells were successfully reprogrammed into iPSCs in the defined synthetic animal-free 3D-PM. Interestingly, although the colony efficiency in 3D-PM was similar to that in 2D-MG (∼0.05%), the reprogrammed colonies in 3D-PM contained an iPSC population with significantly higher homogeneity, as evidenced by the pluripotent-like morphology and expression of markers. This was further confirmed by transcriptome profile analysis in bulk cells and at the single cell level. Moreover, the homogeneity of the iPSC population in 3D-PM colonies was correlated with the downregulation of integrin β1 (ITGB1) and phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Collectively, 3D-PM provides an alternative approach for obtaining iPSCs with enhanced homogeneity. This work also unveiled the regulation of human somatic cell reprogramming via the extracellular microenvironment.
Topics: Animals; Bathroom Equipment; Cellular Reprogramming; Humans; Hydrogels; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Peptides
PubMed: 33449655
DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00667 -
Sante Publique (Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy,... 2021Not urinating regularly, voluntarily restraining oneself at school promotes the occurrence of voiding disorders.
UNLABELLED
Not urinating regularly, voluntarily restraining oneself at school promotes the occurrence of voiding disorders.
AIM
To determine the prevalence of such disorders in elementary schools (students from 1st to 5th grade) and analyze the role of access to school toilets on voiding habits.
METHOD
Observational, descriptive epidemiological study during the 2017-2018 school year by electronic questionnaire with parents of pupils attending elementary school.
RESULTS
2119 questionnaires were analyzed. The graders sex ratio was 1.07 (1087 boys). 410 families (19%) were classified as "popular" class. First, second and third graders represented 60% of the enrollment (N = 1273). Overall use of school toilets was 87% and 69% of students had appropriate use for urine. The main obstacles to their use were lack of hygiene and comfort (51%), lack of security or privacy (33%), limited accessibility (28%). The overall prevalence of urinary elimination disorders was 9%. Girls had more inappropriate use of the toilet for urine (36% vs 27%, OR 1.5, P = 0.0004). The factors associated with urinary elimination disorders were: not using the toilet (13% vs 9 %, OR 1.5, P = 0.04), being a girl (14% vs 5%, OR 3.5, P < 0.0001), belonging to the working class (14% vs 8% OR 1.8, P = 0.0008).
CONCLUSION
This situation, which is a long-denounced major public health problem, mainly affects girls and also reveals social inequalities in the use of school toilets.
Topics: Bathroom Equipment; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Parents; Schools; Students; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 35724159
DOI: 10.3917/spub.205.0441 -
JAMA Aug 1967
Topics: Adult; Bethanechol Compounds; Equipment Design; Female; Humans; Male; Manometry; Pressure; Urinary Bladder; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic; Urinary Catheterization; Urination; Urine; Urologic Diseases
PubMed: 5006766
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health Apr 2019
Review
Topics: Bathroom Equipment; Cultural Evolution; Defecation; Disgust; Female; Global Health; Humans; Hygiene; Male; Needs Assessment; Poverty; Sanitation
PubMed: 30957335
DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14296 -
British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen... Nov 2022
Topics: Humans; Bathroom Equipment
PubMed: 36370393
DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2022.31.20.1017 -
ACS Applied Bio Materials Feb 2024Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) are among the most common bacterial infections associated with prolonged hospitalization and increased healthcare...
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) are among the most common bacterial infections associated with prolonged hospitalization and increased healthcare expenditures. Despite recent advances in the prevention and treatment of these infections, there are still many challenges remaining, among them the creation of a durable catheter coating, which prevents bacterial biofilm formation. The current work reports on a method of protecting medical tubing endowed with antibiofilm properties. Silicone catheters coated sonochemically with ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) demonstrated excellent antibiofilm effects. Toward approval by the European Medicines Agency, it was realized that the ZnO coating would not withstand the regulatory requirements of avoiding dissolution for 14 days in artificial urine examination. Namely, after exposure to urine for 14 days, the coating amount was reduced by 90%. Additional coatings with either carbon or silica maintained antibiofilm activity against while resisting dissolution in artificial urine for 14 days (C- or SiO-protected catheters exhibited only 29% reduction). HR-SEM images of the protected catheters indicate the presence of the ZnO coating as well as the protective layer. Antibiofilm activity of all catheters was evaluated both before and after exposure to artificial urine. It was shown that before artificial urine exposure, all coated catheters showed high antibiofilm properties compared to the uncoated control. Exposure of ZnO-coated catheters, without the protective layer, to artificial urine had a significant effect exhibited by the decrease in antibiofilm activity by almost 2 orders of magnitude, compared to unexposed catheters. Toxicity studies performed using a reconstructed human epidermis demonstrated the safety of the improved coating. Exposure of the epidermis to ZnO catheter extracts in artificial urine affects tissue viability compared with control samples, which was not observed in the case of ZnO NPs coating with SiO or C. We suggest that silica and carbon coatings confer some protection against zinc ions release, improving ZnO coating safety.
Topics: Humans; Zinc Oxide; Bathroom Equipment; Silicon Dioxide; Biofilms; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Catheters; Carbon
PubMed: 38226433
DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00988 -
Nature Reviews. Urology Apr 2022Regular health monitoring can result in early detection of disease, accelerate the delivery of medical care and, therefore, considerably improve patient outcomes for... (Review)
Review
Regular health monitoring can result in early detection of disease, accelerate the delivery of medical care and, therefore, considerably improve patient outcomes for countless medical conditions that affect public health. A substantial unmet need remains for technologies that can transform the status quo of reactive health care to preventive, evidence-based, person-centred care. With this goal in mind, platforms that can be easily integrated into people's daily lives and identify a range of biomarkers for health and disease are desirable. However, urine - a biological fluid that is produced in large volumes every day and can be obtained with zero pain, without affecting the daily routine of individuals, and has the most biologically rich content - is discarded into sewers on a regular basis without being processed or monitored. Toilet-based health-monitoring tools in the form of smart toilets could offer preventive home-based continuous health monitoring for early diagnosis of diseases while being connected to data servers (using the Internet of Things) to enable collection of the health status of users. In addition, machine learning methods can assist clinicians to classify, quantify and interpret collected data more rapidly and accurately than they were able to previously. Meanwhile, challenges associated with user acceptance, privacy and test frequency optimization should be considered to facilitate the acceptance of smart toilets in society.
Topics: Bathroom Equipment; Humans; Public Health
PubMed: 35064251
DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00558-x -
The Lancet. Gastroenterology &... Jan 2022
Topics: Bathroom Equipment; Humans; Toilet Facilities
PubMed: 34895504
DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00438-6