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International Journal of Pharmaceutics Aug 2006The vagina has been used as a mucosal drug delivery route for a long time. Its single characteristics can be either limitative or advantageous when drug delivery is... (Review)
Review
The vagina has been used as a mucosal drug delivery route for a long time. Its single characteristics can be either limitative or advantageous when drug delivery is considered. Gels are semi-solid, three-dimensional, polymeric matrices comprising small amounts of solid, dispersed in relatively large amounts of liquid, yet possessing more solid-like character. These systems have been used and are receiving a great deal of interest as vaginal drug delivery systems. Gels are versatile and have been used as delivery systems for microbicides, contraceptives, labour inducers, and other substances. Although somewhat neglected in clinical studies, pharmaceutical characterization of vaginal gels is an important step in order to optimize safety, efficacy and acceptability. Indeed, the simple formulation of a gel can lead to different performances of systems containing the same amount of active substances. Therefore, this paper discusses and summarizes current use and research of vaginal drug delivery systems based in gels.
Topics: Administration, Intravaginal; Animals; Drug Delivery Systems; Excipients; Female; Gels; Humans; Vagina
PubMed: 16621366
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.03.012 -
Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica... Jan 1992
Topics: Female; Humans; Menstrual Cycle; Vagina
PubMed: 1315110
DOI: 10.3109/00016349209007958 -
Obstetrics and Gynecology Jul 1979Transverse vaginal septum, perhaps the most common congenital anomaly of the vagina, is nonetheless an unusual finding. A case report and its management and theories...
Transverse vaginal septum, perhaps the most common congenital anomaly of the vagina, is nonetheless an unusual finding. A case report and its management and theories concerning the embryology of the vagina are presented. The varying presentations of imperforate versus perforate transverse septa are reviewed, as well as diagnostic tools and treatment modalities. Surgical excision of the septum is advocated.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Methods; Vagina
PubMed: 450366
DOI: 10.1097/00006250-197907000-00015 -
Journal of Endocrinological... Apr 1985Estrogen (E) and progesterone (Pg) receptor (R) levels were determined in the human vagina in relation to menopausal status, day of ovarian cycle and pregnancy. The...
Estrogen (E) and progesterone (Pg) receptor (R) levels were determined in the human vagina in relation to menopausal status, day of ovarian cycle and pregnancy. The results obtained confirmed that the human vagina contains ER and, in addition, demonstrated for the first time the presence of PgR in this organ in humans. In cycling women, ER and PgR did not vary significantly during the ovarian cycle; however low (less than or equal to 10 fmoles/mg cytosol protein) concentrations of PgR were more frequently (6 out of 8 cases) detected during the secretory phase. No substantial difference was seen in ER and PgR values between anterior and posterior wall of the vagina. In postmenopausal patients the levels of ER (range: 10-83 fmoles/mg) were similar to those found in premenopause (range: 12-78 fmoles/mg). As regards PgR, the majority (14 out of 20) of vaginae were devoid of PgR, 4 had a very low (less than or equal to 6 fmoles/mg) PgR content and only 2 cases had a PgR level higher than 10 fmol/mg cytosol protein. In pregnant patients (6th to 8th week) ER were found in all vaginae, while PgR were present only in some cases (3 out of 8). It was concluded that the behavior of ER in the human vagina seems different from that in the human endometrium, since ER levels do not vary in relation to changes in the concentrations of sexual hormones in the circulation. On the contrary, PgR levels appear to depend on blood estradiol and progesterone concentration, as in other target tissues.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Menopause; Menstrual Cycle; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Receptors, Estrogen; Receptors, Progesterone; Tissue Distribution; Vagina
PubMed: 4031380
DOI: 10.1007/BF03350667 -
Nutrients Jan 2023Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common disease in women of childbearing age and is caused by the growth of abnormal microbiota in the vagina. Probiotic consumption... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common disease in women of childbearing age and is caused by the growth of abnormal microbiota in the vagina. Probiotic consumption can be an effective alternative treatment to preserve or improve vaginal health. In the present study, MED-01, a complex of five strains of probiotic candidates isolated from the vagina of Korean women, was used. This study was designed as a 12-week, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MED-01 on vaginal health. A total of 101 reproductive-aged women with a Nugent score of 4-6 took MED-01 (5.0 × 10 CFU) or a placebo once a day, and 76 participants completed the procedure. MED-01 significantly reduced the Nugent score compared with the placebo. Quantitative PCR analysis confirmed that was significantly increased in the vagina, whereas harmful bacteria such as spp., and were suppressed after 12 weeks of MED-01 ingestion. No adverse events to the test food supplements were observed in the participants. These results confirmed that MED-01 can be used as a probiotic for treating BV, as it improves the vaginal microbiota.
Topics: Female; Humans; Adult; Vagina; Vaginosis, Bacterial; Probiotics; Gardnerella vaginalis; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 36678202
DOI: 10.3390/nu15020331 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Jul 2018Little is known about the presence of mycoplasmas in the genital tracts of domestic and stray bitches or in the vaginas of ovariohysterectomized (OHE) bitches. Moreover,...
Little is known about the presence of mycoplasmas in the genital tracts of domestic and stray bitches or in the vaginas of ovariohysterectomized (OHE) bitches. Moreover, to our knowledge, there has been no research to investigate the presence of canine vaginal mycoplasmas during the different stages of the reproductive cycle. We investigated the occurrence of mycoplasmas in the vaginas of healthy domestic and stray intact bitches, to correlate their presence with specific stages of the reproductive cycle, and to compare them with those in OHE bitches. We also investigated the presence of uterine mycoplasmas. Mycoplasmas were isolated from 41 of 122 vaginal swabs (34%) from domestic (27%) and stray (39%) bitches. Mycoplasma canis was the most commonly identified species ( n = 26; 63%), and was detected in both intact (60%) and OHE (73%) bitches. Mycoplasma isolates from the vaginas of healthy bitches did not vary during the various stages of the estrous cycle. Mycoplasmas were not detected in uterine samples.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Female; Mycoplasma; Vagina
PubMed: 29790451
DOI: 10.1177/1040638718778745 -
Endocrine Development 2012Congenital developmental defects of Müllerian derivates, understandable with the knowledge of embryological development of Wolffian and Müllerian ducts, are defects of... (Review)
Review
Congenital developmental defects of Müllerian derivates, understandable with the knowledge of embryological development of Wolffian and Müllerian ducts, are defects of canalisation (= gynatresias), defects in fusing, combined defects and uterovaginal agenesis. Gynatresias should be suspected in the newborn, but distinguished in puberty, on the basis of menstrual blood retention, as hymeneal atresia (haematocolpos), aplasia partis distalis vaginae (haematocolpos partialis), transversal vagina septum and aplasia of vagina and uterine cervix (isolated haematometra). Particular operations are described. Defects in the fusing of Müllerian ducts from the point of view of surgery could be single-coated or double-coated. Incomplete reduplication with unilateral renal aplasia syndrome could present as hemihaematocolpos, hemihaematometra and haematometra in rudimental horn. For diagnosis of these disorders menstrual blood retention is necessary. Surgical treatment in the first two types includes resection of the common wall and haematometra in rudimental horn needs metroplasty or hemihysterectomy. Congenital absence of uterus and vagina (Rokitanski Küster) appears in genetically, endocrinologically and psychosexually normal females. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination and ultrasonography. Initial examination should be nonsurgical (dilatation method). All surgical corrections create a place for the future vagina and reach its epithelization. Different procedures are criticised. The author recommends and describes Vecchietti's laparoscopic surgery.
Topics: 46, XX Disorders of Sex Development; Abnormalities, Multiple; Congenital Abnormalities; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Kidney; Models, Biological; Mullerian Ducts; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Somites; Spine; Urogenital Abnormalities; Uterus; Vagina
PubMed: 22846534
DOI: 10.1159/000331689 -
Research in Microbiology Jun 2011We sampled the vagina and rectum in 71 pregnant women and bacterial loads of Lactobacillus crispatus, L. jensenii, L. gasseri, L. iners, Gardnerella vaginalis and...
We sampled the vagina and rectum in 71 pregnant women and bacterial loads of Lactobacillus crispatus, L. jensenii, L. gasseri, L. iners, Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae were determined by culture and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Culture and qPCR results differed substantially with regard to the evaluation of vaginal and rectal occurrence of the six species tested. The vaginal-rectal prevalence of L. crispatus, L. jensenii, L. gasseri, L. iners, G. vaginalis and A. vaginae as established by culture vs. PCR was 32.3 vs. 91.5%, 32.3 vs. 77.4%, 28.1 vs. 91.5%, 12.6 vs. 68.5%, 12.6 vs. 74.6% and 5.6 vs. 69.0%, respectively. Using qPCR, a significant positive correlation was found between vaginal and rectal loads of L. crispatus (p < 0.0001), L. jensenii (p < 0.0001), L. gasseri (p = 0.005), L. iners (p = 0.003) and A. vaginae (p = 0.002). In summary, significant correlations between quantities of vaginal and rectal lactobacilli and of Atopobium vaginae were established by means of qPCR, indicating strong correspondence of vaginal and rectal microflora, not only in the occurrence of certain species in both niches, but also of cell densities per bacterial species.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Load; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Rectum; Vagina
PubMed: 21513795
DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2011.04.004 -
Xianggang Hu Li Za Zhi. the Hong Kong... May 1979
Topics: Female; Humans; Perioperative Nursing; Vagina
PubMed: 90000
DOI: No ID Found -
Revue Francaise de Gynecologie Et... Apr 1975