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Archives of Disease in Childhood Apr 1994
Review
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Infant
PubMed: 8185372
DOI: 10.1136/adc.70.4.343 -
Pediatric Clinics of North America May 1979
Clinical Trial Review
Topics: Carrier State; Chronic Disease; Clinical Trials as Topic; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Male; Placebos
PubMed: 379776
DOI: 10.1016/s0031-3955(16)33707-5 -
Best Practice & Research. Clinical... Oct 2020Viral hepatitis can cause significant maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Hepatitis A and E mainly present as acute hepatitis during pregnancy, while... (Review)
Review
Viral hepatitis can cause significant maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Hepatitis A and E mainly present as acute hepatitis during pregnancy, while hepatitis C and D are usually found as chronic infection in pregnant women. Hepatitis A remains self-limiting during pregnancy while hepatitis E has a higher prevalence and manifests with a rigorous course in pregnant women. Screening of hepatitis C during pregnancy and its subsequent management during pregnancy are still a debatable topic. New treatments of hepatitis C and E require further evaluation for use in pregnancy. This review summarizes the prevalence, clinical manifestations, maternal, foetal and neonatal effects, and the management of hepatitis A, C, D and E viral infection during pregnancy.
Topics: Female; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis E; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Prenatal Care; Prevalence
PubMed: 32305262
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.03.009 -
Bundesgesundheitsblatt,... Feb 2022Viral hepatitis A to E describes various infectious inflammations of the liver parenchyma that are caused by the hepatitis viruses A to E (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and... (Review)
Review
Viral hepatitis A to E describes various infectious inflammations of the liver parenchyma that are caused by the hepatitis viruses A to E (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV). Although the clinical pictures are similar, the pathogens belong to different virus families and differ in terms of pathogenesis, transmission routes, clinical course, prevention, and therapy options. In Germany, there is mandatory reporting according to the Infection Protection Act (IfSG) for direct or indirect laboratory evidence and for suspicion, illness, and death of viral hepatitis. The data are transmitted to the Robert Koch Institute.In this article, on the basis of published studies and notification data, we describe the epidemiology of hepatitis A to E as well as current challenges and prevention approaches. In particular, the latter contains the improvement of existing vaccination recommendations (hepatitis A and B); improvement of access to prevention, testing, and care including therapy with antiviral drugs (hepatitis B, C, and D) and the detection and prevention of foodborne infections and outbreaks; and improvements in the field of food safety (hepatitis A and E).
Topics: Germany; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis Viruses; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans
PubMed: 35029725
DOI: 10.1007/s00103-021-03478-8 -
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology... 2002
Review
Topics: Child; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Liver Diseases; Liver Neoplasms; Research
PubMed: 12151818
DOI: 10.1097/00005176-200207001-00008 -
Transfusion Medicine (Oxford, England) Mar 1993
Review
Topics: Genome, Viral; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans
PubMed: 8038899
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3148.1993.tb00099.x -
The Lancet. Gastroenterology &... Apr 2024The top 20 highest burdened countries (in disability-adjusted life years) account for more than 75% of the global burden of viral hepatitis. An effective response in... (Review)
Review
The top 20 highest burdened countries (in disability-adjusted life years) account for more than 75% of the global burden of viral hepatitis. An effective response in these 20 countries is crucial if global elimination targets are to be achieved. In this update of the Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology Commission on accelerating the elimination of viral hepatitis, we convene national experts from each of the top 20 highest burdened countries to provide an update on progress. Although the global burden of diseases is falling, progress towards elimination varies greatly by country. By use of a hepatitis elimination policy index conceived as part of the 2019 Commission, we measure countries' progress towards elimination. Progress in elimination policy has been made in 14 of 20 countries with the highest burden since 2018, with the most substantial gains observed in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Japan, and Russia. Most improvements are attributable to the publication of formalised national action plans for the elimination of viral hepatitis, provision of publicly funded screening programmes, and government subsidisation of antiviral treatments. Key themes that emerged from discussion between national commissioners from the highest burdened countries build on the original recommendations to accelerate the global elimination of viral hepatitis. These themes include the need for simplified models of care, improved access to appropriate diagnostics, financing initiatives, and rapid implementation of lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Topics: Humans; Gastroenterology; Pandemics; Hepatitis; Hepatitis A; India
PubMed: 38367629
DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(23)00321-7 -
The National Medical Journal of India 2006Viral hepatitis is a major public health problem in India, which is hyperendemic for HAV and HEV. Seroprevalence studies reveal that 90%-100% of the population acquires... (Review)
Review
Viral hepatitis is a major public health problem in India, which is hyperendemic for HAV and HEV. Seroprevalence studies reveal that 90%-100% of the population acquires anti-HAV antibody and becomes immune by adolescence. Many epidemics of HEV have been reported from India. HAV related liver disease is uncommon in India and occurs mainly in children. HEV is also the major cause of sporadic adult acute viral hepatitis and ALF. Pregnant women and patients with CLD constitute the high risk groups to contract HEV infection, and HEV-induced mortality among them is substantial, which underlines the need for preventive measures for such groups. Children with HAV and HEV coinfection are prone to develop ALF. India has intermediate HBV endemicity, with a carrier frequency of 2%-4%. HBV is the major cause of CLD and HCC. Chronic HBV infection in India is acquired in childhood, presumably before 5 years of age, through horizontal transmission. Vertical transmission of HBV in India is considered to be infrequent. Inclusion of HBV vaccination in the expanded programme of immunization is essential to reduce the HBV carrier frequency and disease burden. HBV genotypes A and D are prevalent in India, which are similar to the HBV genotypes in the West. HCV infection in India has a population prevalence of around 1%, and occurs predominantly through transfusion and the use of unsterile glass syringes. HCV genotypes 3 and 2 are prevalent in 60%-80% of the population and they respond well to a combination of interferon and ribavirin. About 10%-15% of CLD and HCC are associated with HCV infection in India. HCV infection is also a major cause of post-transfusion hepatitis. HDV infection is infrequent in India and is present about 5%-10% of patients with HBV-related liver disease. HCC appears to be less common in India than would be expected from the prevalence rates of HBV and HCV. The high disease burden of viral hepatitis and related CLD in India, calls for the setting up of a hepatitis registry and formulation of government-supported prevention and control strategies.
Topics: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Cost of Illness; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; India; Liver Neoplasms; Prevalence
PubMed: 17100109
DOI: No ID Found -
Minerva Pediatrica Aug 1969
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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2006Current serologic tests provide the foundation for diagnosis of hepatitis A and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. Recent advances in methods to identify and... (Review)
Review
Current serologic tests provide the foundation for diagnosis of hepatitis A and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. Recent advances in methods to identify and characterize nucleic acid markers of viral infections have provided the foundation for the field of molecular epidemiology and increased our knowledge of the molecular biology and epidemiology of HAV. Although HAV is primarily shed in feces, there is a strong viremic phase during infection which has allowed easy access to virus isolates and the use of molecular markers to determine their genetic relatedness. Molecular epidemiologic studies have provided new information on the types and extent of HAV infection and transmission in the United States. In addition, these new diagnostic methods have provided tools for the rapid detection of food-borne HAV transmission and identification of the potential source of the food contamination.
Topics: Animals; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A virus; Humans; Molecular Epidemiology
PubMed: 16418523
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.19.1.63-79.2006