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Lancet (London, England) Oct 2021
Topics: Digital Technology; Humans; Vision Tests
PubMed: 34627485
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02149-8 -
Optometry and Vision Science : Official... May 2020This research will help clinicians in advising their color-vision-defective patients regarding their career options.
SIGNIFICANCE
This research will help clinicians in advising their color-vision-defective patients regarding their career options.
PURPOSE
In Canadian railways, individuals with a color-vision-defect (CVD) may qualify for positions at shorter sighting distance from signal lights. The railway companies' medical units use the CN Lantern (CNLan) test, and there is little information available as to whether clinical color-vision tests (CCVTs) can predict the CNLan results. This study determines the ability of some CCVTs to predict the CNLan performance to assist clinicians in advising their CVD patients regarding career options.
METHODS
The CNLan viewing distance was varied between 4.6 and 0.57 m using a geometric progression. The CCVTs were the Hardy, Rand, and Rittler; Ishihara; ColorDx pseudoisochromatic plate (PIP); the Rabin Cone Contrast Test; Color Assessment and Diagnosis; Cambridge Color Vision Test; U.S. Air Force Operational Based Vision Assessment Cone Contrast Test; Farnsworth Munsell D15; and ColorDx D15. Fifty-six normal-color-vision and 63 CVD subjects participated in this study.
RESULTS
Failure of either the Farnsworth Munsell D15 or ColorDx D15 essentially guarantees failure on the CNLan at the 4.6-m distance. The agreement values decreased as the viewing distance decreased.
CONCLUSIONS
To counsel patients regarding a career as a locomotive engineer, clinicians should have either the Hardy, Rand, and Rittler or ColorDx PIP and a D15 test. For patients applying for a position in the yard, a mild-to-moderate classification CVD on HRR or ColorDx PIP indicates a high probability of passing CNLan.
Topics: Adult; Canada; Career Choice; Color Perception Tests; Color Vision; Color Vision Defects; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Occupational Health; Railroads; Young Adult
PubMed: 32413004
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001510 -
Acta Ophthalmologica Aug 2015Evaluation of a new personal-computer-based vision test aimed for rapid and accurate assessment of macular conditions such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
PURPOSE
Evaluation of a new personal-computer-based vision test aimed for rapid and accurate assessment of macular conditions such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
METHODS
The new test depends on segmented digits defined by rarebits, that is, receptive field-size bright dots briefly presented against a dark background. Digit size was fixed at 40 × 50 min of arc. Digit positions were varied at random within a 4.6 × 3.5-degree test field. There were no fixation demands. The number of rarebits per digit segment could be varied between 3 (the minimum needed for veridical perception) and 128, in 11 preset steps. The test task was to find the smallest rarebit number required to recognize the test digits. Thirty-seven patients with various stages of AMD and 25 control subjects participated in the evaluation, which also included a standard acuity test.
RESULTS
Analysis of receiver operating characteristics indicated significantly better discrimination by the rarebit test. Rarebit numbers >16 appeared to reliably indicate the presence of oedema.
CONCLUSION
The rarebit test appeared well suited for fine grading of vision in AMD. The simple set-up and the lack of fixation demands made for practicable examinations of short durations. The test is available for free on the Internet.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Fluorescein Angiography; Geographic Atrophy; Humans; Macular Edema; Male; Middle Aged; ROC Curve; Reproducibility of Results; Retina; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity; Wet Macular Degeneration
PubMed: 25604486
DOI: 10.1111/aos.12659 -
Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the... May 2021Preschool children in New Zealand undergo vision screening to detect amblyopia at 4-5 years of age. The current test, the Parr vision test, does not meet international...
Diagnostic accuracy of the Parr vision test, single crowded Lea symbols and Spot vision screener for vision screening of preschool children aged 4-5 years in Aotearoa/New Zealand.
PURPOSE
Preschool children in New Zealand undergo vision screening to detect amblyopia at 4-5 years of age. The current test, the Parr vision test, does not meet international visual acuity chart guidelines and has not been validated against other commonly used paediatric vision tests. New Zealand vision screening protocols are also not targeted for detecting other eye conditions such as uncorrected refractive error, which may affect school performance. We compared the Parr vision test with the single crowded Lea symbols and the Spot vision screener for detecting ocular pathology, refractive error and amblyopic risk factors in preschool children.
METHODS
A cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study recruited children aged 4-5 years via convenience sampling from the University of Auckland Optometry Clinic and through primary schools in Auckland, New Zealand. Participants received vision screening with the three different instruments administered by a lay screener. Comprehensive eye examinations were completed by a paediatric optometrist to determine the presence of vision disorders.
RESULTS
Of 197 children who received a comprehensive eye examination, 14 (7.1%) had amblyopic risk factors and 43 (21.8%) had significant refractive error (15.7% with astigmatism, 9.1% with hyperopia). The sensitivity for detecting any ocular condition did not differ significantly between the tests (50.0% for Parr, 43.5% for Lea, 42.5% for Spot). Specificity was significantly lower for the Parr vision test (80.8%) than for the Lea symbols (93.4%) and Spot vision screener (98.0%). Adding the Spot vision screener to measurements of visual acuity significantly improved sensitivity in detecting any ocular condition with the Parr vision test (67.5% for Parr/Spot vs 50% for Parr alone), but not with the Lea symbols (52.5% for Lea/Spot vs 43.5% for Lea alone).
CONCLUSION
The sensitivity of the Parr vision test for detecting ocular conditions in preschool children does not vary significantly from that achieved by the Lea symbols or the Spot vision screener. However, current New Zealand vision screening protocols could be improved by expanding the target conditions to include significant refractive error and incorporating the use of the Spot vision screener to increase the accuracy with which children with refractive error are identified. Future research should include longitudinal studies to determine the effect of preschool vision screening on later ocular and academic outcomes.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Incidence; New Zealand; Refraction, Ocular; Refractive Errors; Reproducibility of Results; Schools; Vision Screening; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 33813777
DOI: 10.1111/opo.12816 -
Optometry and Vision Science : Official... Sep 2012Very poor visual acuity often cannot be measured with letter charts even at close viewing distances. The Berkeley Rudimentary Vision Test (BRVT) was developed as a... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
Very poor visual acuity often cannot be measured with letter charts even at close viewing distances. The Berkeley Rudimentary Vision Test (BRVT) was developed as a simple test to extend the range of visual acuity measurement beyond the limits of letter charts by systematically simplifying the visual task and using close viewing distances to achieve large angular sizes. The test has three pairs of hinged cards, 25 cm square. One card-pair has four single tumbling E (STE) optotypes at sizes 100 M, 63 M, 40 M, and 25 M. Another card-pair has four grating acuity (GA) targets at sizes 200 M, 125 M, 80 M, and 50 M. The third card-pair has a test of white field projection (WFP) and a test of black white discrimination (BWD). As a demonstration of feasibility, a population of subjects with severe visual impairment was tested with the BRVT.
METHODS
Adults with severe visual impairments from a wide variety of causes were recruited from three different rehabilitation programs. Vision measurements were made on 54 eyes from 37 subjects; test administration times were measured.
RESULTS
For this population, letter chart visual acuity could be measured on 24 eyes. Measurements of visual acuity for STE targets were made for 18 eyes and with GA targets, for two eyes. Five eyes had WFP, and one had BWD. Four had light perception only. The median testing time with the BRVT was 2.5 min.
DISCUSSION
The BRVT extends the range of visual acuity up to logMAR = 2.60 (20/8000) for STEs, to logMAR = 2.90 (20/16,000) for gratings and includes the WFP and BWD tests.
CONCLUSIONS
The BRVT is a simple and efficient test of spatial vision that, with 13 increments, extends the range of measurement from the limits of the letter chart up to light perception.
Topics: Adult; Amblyopia; California; Humans; Male; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 22842307
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0b013e318264e85a -
Pediatric Annals Jun 1990
Review
Topics: Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Evoked Potentials; Eye Diseases; Humans; Infant; Predictive Value of Tests; Referral and Consultation; Refractive Errors; Vision Screening; Vision Tests
PubMed: 2200998
DOI: 10.3928/0090-4481-19900601-05 -
Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the... Jan 2022The 3rd edition of the City University Colour Vision Test (CUT) was originally based on the Farnsworth-Munsell D-15 test (D15). The first part of the test is for...
INTRODUCTION
The 3rd edition of the City University Colour Vision Test (CUT) was originally based on the Farnsworth-Munsell D-15 test (D15). The first part of the test is for detecting a defect, and the second part is used to diagnose the type and severity of the defect. This study evaluates the CUT 3rd edition relative to the Ishihara and the D15 colour vision tests.
METHODS
Fifty nine colour vision normal subjects and 60 subjects with a congenital red-green colour vision defect were recruited. Subjects were tested with the Ishihara and CUT tests. Subjects who failed the Ishihara also performed the D15 test.
RESULTS
The agreement between the Ishihara and CUT screening plates was marginally higher when using the CUT failure criterion of >1 error compared with using >2 errors. If the diagnostic plates were included with the screening plates in determining the pass/fail outcomes, the agreement between the Ishihara and CUT was high, with a first-order agreement coefficient (AC1) of 0.90. The AC1 coefficient agreement between the D15 and CUT diagnostic plates in terms of pass/fail was 0.81 when using the D15 failure criteria of >1 or >0 crossing.
CONCLUSION
The level of agreement between the 3rd edition of the CUT and D15 was lower than the 2nd edition of the CUT. The primary reason for the lower agreement of the 3rd edition of the CUT was that it had a lower specificity relative to the D15 compared to the 2nd edition. Although the CUT predictive value for failing the D15 is over 90%, the predictive value for passing shows that 19%-25% of patients who pass the 3rd edition of the CUT test will fail the D15. The 3rd edition tends to misclassify protans as deutans or cannot classify the type of defect relative to the D15 and Ishihara.
Topics: Color Perception Tests; Color Vision; Color Vision Defects; Humans; Universities
PubMed: 34747057
DOI: 10.1111/opo.12915 -
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual... Jan 2014To determine the sensitivity of the Seoul National University (SNU) computerized color vision test for detecting diabetic macular edema. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
To determine the sensitivity of the Seoul National University (SNU) computerized color vision test for detecting diabetic macular edema.
METHODS
From May to September 2003, a total of 73 eyes of 73 patients with diabetes mellitus were examined using the SNU computerized color vision test and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Color deficiency was quantified as the total error score on the SNU test and as error scores for each of four color quadrants corresponding to yellows (Q1), greens (Q2), blues (Q3), and reds (Q4). SNU error scores were assessed as a function of OCT foveal thickness and total macular volume (TMV).
RESULTS
The error scores in Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 measured by the SNU color vision test increased with foveal thickness (P < 0.05), whereas they were not correlated with TMV. Total error scores, the summation of Q1 and Q3, the summation of Q2 and Q4, and blue-yellow (B-Y) error scores were significantly correlated with foveal thickness (P < 0.05), but not with TMV.
CONCLUSIONS
The observed correlation between SNU color test error scores and foveal thickness indicates that the SNU test may be useful for detection and monitoring of diabetic macular edema.
Topics: Color Vision; Diabetic Retinopathy; Female; Humans; Macular Edema; Male; Middle Aged; Reproducibility of Results; Retina; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Vision Tests
PubMed: 24222302
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11698 -
Journal of the American Association For... Jul 2018Swine (Sus scrofa) are often the 'gold standard' laboratory animal for ophthalmology research due to the anatomic and physiologic similarities between the porcine and...
Swine (Sus scrofa) are often the 'gold standard' laboratory animal for ophthalmology research due to the anatomic and physiologic similarities between the porcine and human eye and retina. Despite the importance of this model, few tools for behavioral vision assessment in pigs are available. The aim of this study was to identify and validate a feasible and reproducible behavioral test to assess vision in a pig model of photoreceptor degeneration. In addition, a robust behavioral test will reduce stress and enhance enrichment by allowing animals opportunities for environmental exploration and by reducing the number of invasive experimental procedures. Two distinct behavioral approaches were tested: the obstacle-course test and temperament test. In the obstacle-course test, pigs were challenged (after an initial training period) to navigate a 10-object obstacle course; time and the number of collisions with the objects were recorded. In the temperament test, the time needed for pigs to complete 3 different tasks (human-approach, novel-object, and open-door tests) was recorded. The obstacle-course test revealed significant differences in time and number of collisions between swine with vision impairment and control animals, and the training period proved to be pivotal to avoid bias due to individual animal characteristics. In contrast, the temperament test was not altered by vision impairment but was validated to measure stress and behavioral alterations in laboratory pigs undergoing experimental procedures, thus achieving marked refinement of the study.
Topics: Animal Welfare; Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Behavior, Animal; Humans; Swine; Vision Tests
PubMed: 29966544
DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-17-000163 -
Journal of the Optical Society of... Nov 2021The W-D15 test, a computerized variant of the F-D15 test, is used to determine whether an individual with a color vision defect can safely perform color-related tasks....
The W-D15 test, a computerized variant of the F-D15 test, is used to determine whether an individual with a color vision defect can safely perform color-related tasks. This study evaluated the performance of the W-D15 test using an iPad. Fifty-nine color normal and 61 color vision defect subjects participated. Participants were screened based on the Ishihara, City University Test, and Waggoner PIP24 tests. Different failure criteria of the D15 tests were considered. The pass/failure agreement between the two tests was relatively appropriate, with a -coefficient ≥0.8, for all failure criteria. The W-D15 could be an appropriate substitute for F-D15 using an iPad.
Topics: Color Vision; Color Vision Defects; Computers, Handheld; Humans; Vision Tests
PubMed: 34807025
DOI: 10.1364/JOSAA.431987