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The British Journal of Ophthalmology Jun 1965
Topics: Child; Humans; Vision Tests
PubMed: 14332493
DOI: 10.1136/bjo.49.6.312 -
American Journal of Optometry and... Jun 1984A new contrast sensitivity vision chart has been tested and compared to an automated video-based vision tester on 83 observers whose ages ranged from 9 to 75 years. Good...
A new contrast sensitivity vision chart has been tested and compared to an automated video-based vision tester on 83 observers whose ages ranged from 9 to 75 years. Good agreement was found between the contrast sensitivity measurements obtained from the vision chart and the automated tester for similar population and age variations. These results suggest that vision test charts can be developed to provide useful contrast sensitivity psychometric functions and yet be as simple to use as present eye charts.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Humans; Middle Aged; Vision Tests
PubMed: 6742102
DOI: 10.1097/00006324-198406000-00011 -
International Ophthalmology Feb 2021Traditional color vision tests depend on subjective judgments and are not suitable for infant children and subjects with cognitive dysfunction. We aimed to explore an...
PURPOSE
Traditional color vision tests depend on subjective judgments and are not suitable for infant children and subjects with cognitive dysfunction. We aimed to explore an objective and quantitative color vision testing method based on sweep steady-state visual evoked potentials (sweep SSVEPs) and compare the results with subjective Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100-hue test results.
METHODS
A red-green SSVEP pattern reversal checkboard paradigm at different luminance ratios was used to induce visual evoked potentials (VEPs) from 15 color vision deficiencies (CVDs) and 11 normal color vision subjects. After electroencephalography signals were processed by canonical correlation analysis, an equiluminance turning curve corresponding to the activation of the L-cones and M-cones at different levels of color vision was established. Then, we obtained different equiluminance T and proposed the SSVEP color vision severity index (I) to quantify color vision function and the severity of CVDs. In addition, the FM 100-hue test was used to obtain subjective data for the diagnosis of color vision.
RESULTS
The value of I can be an indicator of the level of color vision. Both the total error scores (TES) and confusion index (C-index) of the FM 100-hue test were significantly correlated with I values (P < 0.001, respectively). I also had a good classification effect in detecting normals, anomalous trichromats and dichromats. Moreover, equiluminance T had a good effect on classifying protans and deutans in subjects with CVDs.
CONCLUSION
Color vision evaluation with sweep SSVEPs showed a good correlation with subjective psychophysical methods. SSVEPs can be an objective and quantitative method to test color vision and diagnose CVDs.
Topics: Child; Color Perception; Color Perception Tests; Color Vision; Color Vision Defects; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Humans; Vision Tests
PubMed: 33044670
DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01613-z -
Games For Health Journal Aug 2017Gamification has been incorporated into vision tests and vision therapies in the expectation that it may increase the user experience and engagement with the task. The...
OBJECTIVE
Gamification has been incorporated into vision tests and vision therapies in the expectation that it may increase the user experience and engagement with the task. The current study aimed to understand how gamification affects the user experience, specifically during the undertaking of psychophysical tasks designed to estimate vision thresholds (chromatic and achromatic contrast sensitivity).
METHODS
Three tablet computer-based games were developed with three levels of gaming elements. Game 1 was designed to be a simple clinical test (no gaming elements), game 2 was similar to game 1 but with added gaming elements (i.e., feedback, scores, and sounds), and game 3 was a complete game. Participants (N = 144, age: 9.9-42 years) played three games in random order. The user experience for each game was assessed using a Short Feedback Questionnaire.
RESULTS
The median (interquartile range) fun level for the three games was 2.5 (1.6), 3.9 (1.7), and 2.5 (2.8), respectively. Overall, participants reported greater fun level and higher preparedness to play the game again for game 2 than games 1 and 3 (P < 0.05). There were significant positive correlations observed between fun level and preparedness to play the game again for all the games (p < 0.05). Engagement (assessed as completion rates) did not differ between the games.
CONCLUSION
Gamified version (game 2) was preferred to the other two versions. Over the short term, the careful application of gaming elements to vision tests was found to increase the fun level of users, without affecting engagement with the vision test.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Computers, Handheld; Female; Humans; Male; Surveys and Questionnaires; User-Computer Interface; Video Games; Vision Tests
PubMed: 28691854
DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2016.0100 -
Journal of Biomedical Optics 2010It can be useful to present a different image to each of the two eyes while they cooperatively view the world. Such dichoptic presentation can occur in investigations of...
It can be useful to present a different image to each of the two eyes while they cooperatively view the world. Such dichoptic presentation can occur in investigations of stereoscopic and binocular vision (e.g., strabismus, amblyopia) and vision rehabilitation in clinical and research settings. Various techniques have been used to construct dichoptic displays. The most common and most flexible modern technique uses liquid-crystal (LC) shutters. When used in combination with cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, there is often leakage of light from the image intended for one eye into the view of the other eye. Such interocular crosstalk is 14% even in our state of the art CRT-based dichoptic system. While such crosstalk may have minimal impact on stereo movie or video game experiences, it can defeat clinical and research investigations. We use micromirror digital light processing (DLP) technology to create a novel dichoptic visual display system with substantially lower interocular crosstalk (0.3%; remaining crosstalk comes from the LC shutters). The DLP system normally uses a color wheel to display color images. Our approach is to disable the color wheel, synchronize the display directly to the computer's sync signal, allocate each of the three (former) color presentations to one or both eyes, and open and close the LC shutters in synchrony with those color events.
Topics: Color; Diagnostic Imaging; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Light; Vision Tests; Vision, Binocular; Visual Fields
PubMed: 20210457
DOI: 10.1117/1.3292015 -
Bulletin of the World Health... 1996Simple but effective tests have been produced for screening subjects with low vision in developing countries. These tests of distance and near vision, based on the E...
Simple but effective tests have been produced for screening subjects with low vision in developing countries. These tests of distance and near vision, based on the E test, were evaluated and validated in trials with people aged 4-90 years, and have been field tested in the health, education and rehabilitation services in 32 developing countries. Their sensitivity and specificity as screening tools for low vision have been calculated; sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 96% for the distance vision test, and sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 84% for the near vision test. The content and format of the tests have been demonstrated to be appropriate for developing countries, and their effectiveness for screening for low vision has been confirmed.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Developing Countries; Humans; Pilot Projects; Program Evaluation; Refractive Errors; Reproducibility of Results; Vision Disorders; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 9002333
DOI: No ID Found -
Vision Research Sep 2013Despite significant changes in the treatment of common eye conditions like cataract and age-related macular degeneration, reading difficulty remains the most common... (Review)
Review
Despite significant changes in the treatment of common eye conditions like cataract and age-related macular degeneration, reading difficulty remains the most common complaint of patients referred for low vision services. Clinical reading tests have been widely used since Jaeger introduced his test types in 1854. A brief review of the major developments in clinical reading tests is provided, followed by a discussion of some of the main controversies in clinical reading assessment. Data for the Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) study demonstrate that standardised clinical reading tests are highly predictive of reading performance under natural, real world conditions, and that discrepancies between self-reported reading ability and measured reading performance may be indicative of people who are at a pre-clinical stage of disability, but are at risk for progression to clinical disability. If measured reading performance is to continue to increase in importance as a clinical outcome measure, there must be agreement on what should be measured (e.g. speed or comprehension) and how it should be measured (e.g. reading silently or aloud). Perhaps most important, the methods for assessing reading performance and the algorithms for scoring reading tests need to be optimised so that the reliability and responsiveness of reading tests can be improved.
Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Predictive Value of Tests; Reading; Reproducibility of Results; Vision Tests; Vision, Low
PubMed: 23506967
DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2013.02.015 -
Ophthalmic Epidemiology Apr 2013To determine which color vision test is most appropriate for the identification of cone disorders. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
To determine which color vision test is most appropriate for the identification of cone disorders.
METHODS
In a clinic-based study, four commonly used color vision tests were compared between patients with cone dystrophy (n = 37), controls with normal visual acuity (n = 35), and controls with low vision (n = 39) and legal blindness (n = 11). Mean outcome measures were specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value and discriminative accuracy of the Ishihara test, Hardy-Rand-Rittler (HRR) test, and the Lanthony and Farnsworth Panel D-15 tests.
RESULTS
In the comparison between cone dystrophy and all controls, sensitivity, specificity and predictive value were highest for the HRR and Ishihara tests. When patients were compared to controls with normal vision, discriminative accuracy was highest for the HRR test (c-statistic for PD-axes 1, for T-axis 0.851). When compared to controls with poor vision, discriminative accuracy was again highest for the HRR test (c-statistic for PD-axes 0.900, for T-axis 0.766), followed by the Lanthony Panel D-15 test (c-statistic for PD-axes 0.880, for T-axis 0.500) and Ishihara test (c-statistic 0.886). Discriminative accuracies of all tests did not further decrease when patients were compared to controls who were legally blind.
CONCLUSIONS
The HRR, Lanthony Panel D-15 and Ishihara all have a high discriminative accuracy to identify cone disorders, but the highest scores were for the HRR test. Poor visual acuity slightly decreased the accuracy of all tests. Our advice is to use the HRR test since this test also allows for evaluation of all three color axes and quantification of color defects.
Topics: Adult; Color Perception Tests; Color Vision Defects; Electroretinography; False Positive Reactions; Female; Humans; Male; Predictive Value of Tests; ROC Curve; Reproducibility of Results; Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells; Sensitivity and Specificity; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 23510316
DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2012.759596 -
Klinische Monatsblatter Fur... Sep 2013For expert opinions on mesopic and contrast vision as stipulated in the recent version of the German driving licence regulations (2011), a standardised implementation of... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
For expert opinions on mesopic and contrast vision as stipulated in the recent version of the German driving licence regulations (2011), a standardised implementation of the relevant test method is crucial. DIN 58220, part 7, regulates the assessment of mesopic vision and the required parameters of evaluation are guaranteed by the respective test instruments. Because no standard exists for photopic contrast vision, it is recommended that it conform to that of DIN EN ISO 8596 for visual acuity. For test equipment with integrated viewing fields, the application of such tests may not be difficult. But if visual charts are used the question of standardised illumination arises. The present paper investigates this question when using the Mars Letter Contrast Sensitivity Test in the light of the recommendations by the producer to use a desk lamp for illumination.
METHODS
The Mars Chart was illuminated by three different commercially available desk lights from different directions at a distance of 50 cm, which is the test distance recommended by the producer. The luminance distribution was measured on the chart at twelve equally distributed test points.
RESULTS
For all conditions, the asymmetric illumination produced by a single light source leads to an extremely inhomogeneous luminance distribution over the chart. Adherence to the tolerance ranges for brightness, as well as the homogeneity of illumination from such light sources is left to chance and a subjective judgment of both parameters is not adequate.
CONCLUSION
Illumination of the Mars Chart with a desk light only does not necessarily satisfy the requirement of reproducible test conditions that is mandatory for expert evaluations. For comparable test outcomes for contrast vision, illumination devices that produce a uniform illumination should be employed.
Topics: Contrast Sensitivity; Equipment Design; Equipment Failure Analysis; Germany; Guideline Adherence; Humans; Lighting; Photic Stimulation; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Vision Tests
PubMed: 23986192
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1350757 -
Clinical & Experimental Optometry Sep 2005This paper reviews non-standard, clinical vision tests that may be used to detect the earliest visual loss in age-related maculopathy (ARM), before fundus changes are... (Review)
Review
This paper reviews non-standard, clinical vision tests that may be used to detect the earliest visual loss in age-related maculopathy (ARM), before fundus changes are detected. We recommend a clinical test battery for all patients aged 60 years and older, comprising low luminance/low contrast (SKILL) VA or low contrast VA, desaturated D-15 colour vision assessment, flicker perimetry, glare recovery and dark adaptation if possible, together with conventional assessments of case history, ophthalmoscopy and high contrast visual acuity (VA) for the detection and diagnosis of ARM. Reading rate is also discussed as a potential indicator of early visual loss. For monitoring the progressive visual loss in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and determining the requirements for optometric vision rehabilitation, we recommend more conventional clinical vision tests of distance and near visual acuity, reading rate, the effects of varying illumination and a functional central visual field assessment.
Topics: Color Perception; Contrast Sensitivity; Disease Progression; Humans; Macular Degeneration; Prognosis; Vision Tests; Vision, Low; Visual Acuity; Visual Fields
PubMed: 16255688
DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2005.tb06713.x