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Ophthalmology Aug 1979
Topics: Dark Adaptation; Female; Humans; Male; Night Blindness; Vision Tests
PubMed: 317352
DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(79)35387-8 -
Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the... Jul 2001Previous studies suggest that optimal reading speed is unaffected by cataract, yet is significantly reduced in age-related macular disease. This raises the question of...
Previous studies suggest that optimal reading speed is unaffected by cataract, yet is significantly reduced in age-related macular disease. This raises the question of whether a reading speed test could be developed to assess potential vision after cataract surgery. In this study, 20 young subjects, with and without a simulation of dense cataract, read aloud Bailey-Lovie word charts. From the results, critical print size, optimal reading speed and word acuity were calculated. The simulated cataract reduced word acuity and increased the critical print size, yet optimal reading speed remained unchanged. Measurements were also taken with the charts in reversed contrast polarity. Reversing the contrast polarity of the charts improved the word acuity and optimal reading speed with the cataract simulation. The results suggest that optimal reading speed could be used as a potential vision test. Further investigations using patients with cataract and ARMD are required.
Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Cataract; Cataract Extraction; Humans; Patient Selection; Preoperative Care; Prognosis; Reading; Time Factors; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 11430621
DOI: 10.1046/j.1475-1313.2001.00594.x -
Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills,... Jun 2000The quantitative assessment of visual function in multiple sclerosis (MS) clinical trials has been limited to Snellen visual acuity. The purpose of this study was to... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
The quantitative assessment of visual function in multiple sclerosis (MS) clinical trials has been limited to Snellen visual acuity. The purpose of this study was to examine the inter-rater reliability and test characteristics of a new visual outcome measure, the Low-Contrast Sloan Letter Charts, in patients with MS and visually-asymptomatic volunteers. Contrast letter acuity scores (letter scores) were measured at each of four contrast levels (100, 5, 1.25 and 0.6%) by two independent raters. Inter-rater agreement was described with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and comparison of mean scores. Excellent inter-rater agreement (ICC=0.86 - 0.95) was demonstrated at each contrast level among MS patients (n=100) and visually-asymptomatic volunteers (n=33). Average letter scores at the lowest contrast level (0.6%) were highly variable in the MS group, even among patients with visual acuities of 20/20 or better, and among those who required no assistance for ambulation. Low-Contrast Sloan Letter Chart testing is a highly reliable method of visual assessment, and provides information on an aspect of neurologic impairment in MS which is not captured by Snellen visual acuity or ambulation status. This new method demonstrates excellent potential as a visual function outcome measure for future MS clinical trials.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Contrast Sensitivity; Humans; Multiple Sclerosis; Observer Variation; Optic Neuritis; Reference Values; Vision Tests; Vision, Ocular; Visual Acuity; Walking
PubMed: 10871827
DOI: 10.1177/135245850000600305 -
The British Journal of Ophthalmology Apr 2015To validate the accuracy and repeatability of a mobile app reading speed test compared with the traditional paper version. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
AIM
To validate the accuracy and repeatability of a mobile app reading speed test compared with the traditional paper version.
METHOD
Twenty-one subjects wearing their full refractive correction glasses read 14 sentences of decreasing print size between 1.0 and -0.1 logMAR, each consisting of 14 words (Radner reading speed test) at 40 cm with a paper-based chart and twice on iPad charts. Time duration was recorded with a stop watch for the paper chart and on the App itself for the mobile chart allowing critical print size (CPS) and optimal reading speed (ORS) to be derived objectively.
RESULTS
The ORS was higher for the mobile app charts (194±29 wpm; 195±25 wpm) compared with the paper chart (166±20 wpm; F=57.000, p<0.001). The CPS was lower for the mobile app charts (0.17±0.20 logMAR; 0.18±0.17 logMAR) compared with the paper chart (0.25±0.17 logMAR; F=5.406, p=0.009). The mobile app test had a mean difference repeatability of 0.30±22.5 wpm, r=0.917 for ORS, and a CPS of 0.0±0.2 logMAR, r=0.769.
CONCLUSIONS
Repeatability of the app reading speed test is as good (ORS) or better (CPS) than previous studies on the paper test. While the results are not interchangeable with paper-based charts, mobile app tablet-based tests of reading speed are reliable and rapid to perform, with the potential to capture functional visual ability in research studies and clinical practice.
Topics: Adult; Computers, Handheld; Female; Humans; Male; Mobile Applications; Printing; Reaction Time; Reading; Reproducibility of Results; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity; Young Adult
PubMed: 25355805
DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305818 -
American Journal of Optometry and... Mar 1987The Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates (SPP) color vision test was compared to the Ishihara color vision test with respect to screening validity, digit confusion errors,... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates (SPP) color vision test was compared to the Ishihara color vision test with respect to screening validity, digit confusion errors, and individual plate efficiency. Results from 315 1st and 3rd grade males confirmed previous reports that the SPP is an effective screening test. Moreover, the SPP test was superior to the Ishihara test with respect to digit confusion errors. Color normal children made about 5 to 7 times as many errors on the Ishihara test as on the SPP. Screening inefficiency values of individual plates of both tests were calculated. A high inefficiency value of a SPP plate was usually caused by its inability to detect color defective subjects.
Topics: Color Perception; Humans; Reference Values; Vision Tests
PubMed: 3578487
DOI: 10.1097/00006324-198703000-00008 -
Journal of the American Optometric... Jul 1983An objective indirect method of evaluating saccadic performance is of interest to optometrists and non optometrists. A sample of 1202 children ages six to fourteen were...
An objective indirect method of evaluating saccadic performance is of interest to optometrists and non optometrists. A sample of 1202 children ages six to fourteen were screened using the New York State Optometric Association Vision Screening Battery. The NYSOA K-D Test was part of that battery. The test is quick, easy to score and can be administered by non eye care practitioners. The test is described and normative data is presented.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Dyslexia; Eye Movements; Female; Humans; Male; Saccades; Vision Disorders; Vision Tests
PubMed: 6886294
DOI: No ID Found -
Developmental Medicine and Child... Aug 1973
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Disabled Persons; Humans; Infant; Intellectual Disability; Methods; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity; Visual Perception
PubMed: 4270051
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1973.tb05062.x -
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual... Jul 2001Previous studies suggest that optimal reading speed is unaffected by cataract, yet is significantly reduced in age-related macular degeneration (ARMD ). This raises the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
Previous studies suggest that optimal reading speed is unaffected by cataract, yet is significantly reduced in age-related macular degeneration (ARMD ). This raises the question of whether a reading speed test could be developed to assess potential vision after cataract surgery.
METHODS
Nineteen subjects with cataract, 15 with ARMD, and 13 control subjects with normal, healthy eyes read Bailey-Lovie word charts aloud, and subsequently, critical print size and optimal reading speed were calculated. Measurements were also taken with the charts in reversed-contrast polarity and after pupillary dilation.
RESULTS
Although the subjects with cataract had reduced word acuity and increased critical print size, optimal reading speed was similar to that of the control group at a mean of approximately 100 wpm. Optimal reading speed in the subjects with ARMD was substantially worse (mean of 39 wpm). Reversing the contrast polarity of the charts slightly increased the word acuity and optimal reading speed of the subjects with cataract.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that optimal reading speed would be useful as a potential-vision test. The proposed test would use text size of at least 1.32 degrees (1.2 log minimum angle of resolution [logMAR]), and pupil dilation would be unnecessary. A reading test with black letters on a white background would be adequate, because charts with reversed-contrast polarity made minimal difference in reading speed.
Topics: Aged; Cataract; Humans; Macular Degeneration; Reading; Vision Disorders; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 11431465
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Cataract and Refractive... Feb 2007To continue developing a potential vision test based on the critical flicker fusion (CFF) phenomenon by using a brighter stimulus and optimizing its size.
PURPOSE
To continue developing a potential vision test based on the critical flicker fusion (CFF) phenomenon by using a brighter stimulus and optimizing its size.
SETTING
Flinders Eye Centre, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.
METHODS
In a prospective nonrandomized study, 225 participants were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: normal, media opacity only, retinal/neural disease only, and cataract plus retinal/neural disease. Participants were recruited if they were 20 years or older but were excluded if they had a neurological disorder or medication known to affect CFF. The CFF thresholds were measured for 3 stimulus sizes: 0.5 degree, 1.0 degree, and 1.5 degrees. Discrimination between groups was tested by analysis of variance and receiver operating characteristic analysis. The relationship between visual acuity and CFF in eyes without media opacity was determined by linear regression and used to predict visual outcomes in 23 eyes having cataract surgery.
RESULTS
The mean age of the 225 participants was 71.4 years +/- 13.2 (SD); 134 (59.8%) were women. The normal group had 41 participants, and the other 3 groups had 61 participants each. Critical flicker fusion thresholds were reduced in retinal/neural disease but resistant to image degradation from media opacity. The 1.5-degree stimulus had 88% sensitivity and 90% specificity for discriminating groups. Visual acuity after cataract surgery was accurately predicted within +/-1 line in 43% of eyes, +/-2 lines in 83%, and +/-3 lines in 100%. All eyes with poor visual acuity (>0.50 logMAR) or dense cataract (>4.0 Lens Opacities Classification System III) were predicted within +/-2 lines.
CONCLUSIONS
The CFF phenomenon effectively discriminated between subjects with and without retinal/neural disease and accurately predicted visual outcome after cataract surgery. The use of a brighter stimulus enhanced performance in cases of dense media opacity.
Topics: Aged; Cataract; Female; Flicker Fusion; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Retinal Diseases; Sensory Thresholds; Vision Disorders; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 17276263
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2006.10.042 -
Public Health Nov 1996A prospective study of routine school vision tests in 1809 children aged 8 and 10 y was undertaken in schools in the Cambridge Health District over two years (1988-1990)...
A prospective study of routine school vision tests in 1809 children aged 8 and 10 y was undertaken in schools in the Cambridge Health District over two years (1988-1990) to establish whether a significant number of defects of vision were detected. Although the visual acuity of 31% of children who had an abnormal test was recorded as abnormal, most abnormalities were minimal. Only 15 (0.83%) had newly diagnosed problems requiring treatment. Almost all children with marked visual abnormalities had already been detected before school entry, at the 5 y school vision test or on another occasion. Near vision testing did not identify any previously undiagnosed child with significant defects who did not also have distant vision abnormalities. Satisfactory colour vision test results had been recorded for most children at the 5 y school entry vision test. These data do not justify the continued use of routine screening in junior schools.
Topics: Child; England; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Male; Prospective Studies; Schools; Vision Screening
PubMed: 8979754
DOI: 10.1016/s0033-3506(96)80010-2