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Rinsho Ganka. Japanese Journal of... Dec 1963
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Equipment and Supplies; Eye; Humans; Oculomotor Muscles; Vision Tests; Vision, Binocular; Vision, Ocular
PubMed: 14102175
DOI: No ID Found -
The American Orthoptic Journal 2014In spite of its well-known flaws, the Titmus test is still the most commonly available and frequently utilized stereotest worldwide. Detecting stereopsis in the patient...
INTRODUCTION
In spite of its well-known flaws, the Titmus test is still the most commonly available and frequently utilized stereotest worldwide. Detecting stereopsis in the patient with small-angle strabismus is an important part of the sensorimotor exam. Because these patients often have only gross stereopsis, stereoacuity may have to be evaluated with the House Fly plate alone. This study evaluates an alternative method of presentation designed to decrease the false positive rate of the Titmus Fly test.
METHODS
A group of orthotropic volunteers with normal binocular vision, a group of patients with small angle strabismus, and a group of patients whose angle of strabismus was large enough to preclude stereopsis were tested with the Titmus Fly using two different presentations and compared.
RESULTS
The sensitivity of the Titmus Fly test was 79%, but specificity was only 26% due to the large number of false positive responses detected with the modified presentation. Patients with childhood-onset strabismus who have been repeatedly exposed to this test over many visits were particularly vulnerable to overestimation of stereoacuity.
CONCLUSION
If the Titmus fly test is the only stereoacuity measure that can be used due to the presence of manifest strabismus, modifying the presentation of the test plate with this method will improve accuracy and precision of results.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Humans; Middle Aged; Orthoptics; Predictive Value of Tests; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Strabismus; Vision Tests; Vision, Binocular; Young Adult
PubMed: 25313113
DOI: 10.3368/aoj.64.1.64 -
Journal of Tropical Pediatrics Dec 2000Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable childhood blindness in developing countries. Each year, an estimated 13.5 million children world-wide are unable...
Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable childhood blindness in developing countries. Each year, an estimated 13.5 million children world-wide are unable to adapt to the dark and half a million children progress to complete blindness annually from lack of vitamin A. Most of the currently available methods for assessing vitamin A status are expensive, require sophisticated instrumentation and are not efficacious in field conditions. A simple, inexpensive method was developed to identify children with defective dark-adaptability, thereby providing a reflection of marginal vitamin A stores. The purpose of this preliminary study was to test the field-efficacy of the Night Vision Threshold Tester (NVTT). Thirty-nine middle-school children with a mean age of 13.5 +/- 1.37 years were initially tested for their ability to adapt to the dark using the
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Night Blindness; Odds Ratio; Sensitivity and Specificity; Vision Tests; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency
PubMed: 11191147
DOI: 10.1093/tropej/46.6.352 -
Optometry and Vision Science : Official... Jan 2013
Topics: Amblyopia; Humans; Male; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 23271340
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0b013e31827f17e4 -
Optometry and Vision Science : Official... Dec 2004To determine whether critical flicker/fusion (CFF) thresholds fulfill the criteria for a potential vision test (PVT) by being unaffected by media opacity yet affected by...
PURPOSE
To determine whether critical flicker/fusion (CFF) thresholds fulfill the criteria for a potential vision test (PVT) by being unaffected by media opacity yet affected by retinal disease.
METHODS
CFF thresholds for three different stimulus sizes (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 degrees ) were measured in 72 patients (mean age, 78.43 +/- 7.07 years) comprising 31 subjects with media opacity, 21 with macular disease, and 20 with pseudophakia.
RESULTS
There were no statistically significant differences between CFF values from the media opacity and the pseudophakia groups for any target size (p > 0.10). However, CFF values were significantly lower in patients with macular disease for all the target sizes (p < 0.05). Analysis of a subset of six subjects with media opacity and seven subjects with macular disease and visual acuity of 20/200 or worse showed the media opacity group still had similar CFF values as the pseudophakia group and had significantly higher CFF than the macular disease group.
CONCLUSIONS
CFF testing is shown to fulfill the requirements for a PVT and may prove to be particularly useful for patients with dense media opacity.
Topics: Aged; Cataract; Corneal Diseases; Female; Flicker Fusion; Humans; Macular Degeneration; Male; Pseudophakia; Reproducibility of Results; Sensory Thresholds; Vision Disorders; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 15592114
DOI: No ID Found -
American Journal of Ophthalmology May 1996To determine the intercorrelation, prevalence of abnormality, and incremental detection value of vision tests in optic neuritis. (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
To determine the intercorrelation, prevalence of abnormality, and incremental detection value of vision tests in optic neuritis.
METHODS
We calculated the linear correlation of paired vision tests and prevalence of abnormal test values from baseline and six-month measurements of Snellen visual acuity, Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity, Humphrey Field Analyzer mean deviation, and Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue color vision in 438 patients entered in the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial from 1988 to 1991. The incremental detection value of nonvisual acuity tests was defined as their frequency of abnormality when visual acuity was 20/20 or better.
RESULTS
All four vision-test results were highly intercorrelated at baseline and at six months. At baseline, contrast sensitivity had the highest prevalence of abnormality, but all vision tests were so often abnormal that differences were not clinically relevant. At six months, when visual recovery had occurred, contrast sensitivity was most often abnormal (2.2 X visual acuity; 1.8 X mean deviation; 1.5 X Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue color vision test); when contrast sensitivity, mean deviation, or Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue color vision was normal, visual acuity was 20/25 or better in 98% of patients.
CONCLUSIONS
The high intercorrelation of four vision tests suggests that optic neuritis affects a broad range of visual functions. Among non-visual acuity tests, Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity proved to be a particularly practical and sensitive indicator of visual dysfunction in optic neuritis.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Color Perception; Contrast Sensitivity; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Optic Neuritis; Prevalence; Steroids; Vision Disorders; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity; Visual Fields
PubMed: 8610798
DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)75429-7 -
Optometry and Vision Science : Official... Oct 2019This review gives an overview of the current status of standardization by statistical evaluation of reading charts. First begun only 20 years ago, the statistical... (Review)
Review
This review gives an overview of the current status of standardization by statistical evaluation of reading charts. First begun only 20 years ago, the statistical evaluation of reading charts now reflects an increasing clinical and scientific interest in standardized, comparable, and reproducible reading charts.For clinical or research purposes in human subjects, standardization of psychophysical tests and their test items by statistical evaluation is mandatory because it provides experimental control. Initial attempts at reading chart standardization were made by characterizing the test items, either in terms of a selection of unrelated words or in terms of sentences representing a constant number of characters, including spaces. As initiated by the RADNER Reading Charts, standardization of reading charts (and test items) by statistical evaluation has gained increasing clinical and scientific interest in the last two decades and has later also been applied to some of the other modern reading charts. A literature search was performed with respect to reading charts that (a) have been produced in accordance with the recommendations of the International Council of Ophthalmology (geometrical print size progression), (b) have been statistically analyzed, and/or (c) use clearly characterized test items (conceptually and statistically). These reading charts are as follows: the Bailey-Lovie Word Reading Charts, the Colenbrander Cards, the RADNER Reading Charts, the MNREAD Acuity Charts, the Smith-Kettlewell Reading Test (SKread Test), the C-Read Charts, and the Balsam Alabdulkader-Leat (BAL) Chart. The test items of these charts have been characterized either empirically or by statistical analysis and selection. The extent of the statistical evaluation of the reading charts varies. Despite their different methodological approaches, these reading charts represent an advancement that has made possible the useful comparison and reproducible evaluation of near visual performance.
Topics: Humans; Language; Ophthalmology; Reading; Vision Tests
PubMed: 31592960
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001436 -
Optometry and Vision Science : Official... Jun 2018In certain scenarios, it is advantageous to misrepresent one's ability and "cheat" on vision tests. Our findings suggest that increased variability when testing visual...
SIGNIFICANCE
In certain scenarios, it is advantageous to misrepresent one's ability and "cheat" on vision tests. Our findings suggest that increased variability when testing visual acuity holds promise as a novel means to help detect this cheating and may generalize to other subjective tests of visual function.
PURPOSE
People who cheat on vision tests generally do so to make their vision appear better than it actually is (e.g., for occupational or driving purposes). However, there are particular settings in which it is advantageous for their vision to appear to be worse than is the case (e.g., to qualify for benefits available to people with low vision). Therefore, a method to help detect cheating in these scenarios is desirable. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the intentional underrepresentation of vision could be detected when testing visual acuity.
METHODS
We tested the visual acuity of 13 participants with simulated vision impairment using the Berkeley Rudimentary Vision Test. Participants were tested in an honest condition when providing their best effort and in a cheating condition when attempting to make their visual acuity appear to be markedly worse. We also tested visual acuity of 17 participants with a wide range of vision impairments.
RESULTS
Participants were successfully able to "cheat" on the tests; however, their responses were significantly more variable when cheating (P < .001). Although the variability in visual acuity was larger in individuals with actual vision impairment compared with those providing honest answers with simulated impairment (P < .01), their responses remained significantly less variable than those for individuals in the cheating condition (P = .01).
CONCLUSIONS
The variability in the estimations of vision provides a promising novel means of detecting the intentional underrepresentation of vision and could help to minimize the chance of successfully cheating on tests of vision.
Topics: Adult; Automobile Driving; Female; Humans; Lie Detection; Male; Vision Disorders; Vision Tests; Vision, Low; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 29787491
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001227 -
Graefe's Archive For Clinical and... Dec 2013It is not common to quantify visual acuity worse than 2.0 logarithm of the minimal angle resolution (logMAR) (commensurate with decimal visual acuity 0.01) at... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
It is not common to quantify visual acuity worse than 2.0 logarithm of the minimal angle resolution (logMAR) (commensurate with decimal visual acuity 0.01) at ophthalmology clinics. Recently, the Berkeley rudimentary vision test (BRVT) was developed as a simple measurement tool of logMAR with angular vision for quantifying poor levels of visual acuity. We compared the difference between BRVT and conventional Landolt ring logMAR chart with angular vision measured by the logMAR one target Landolt ring eye chart (LogMAR LEC).
METHODS
We reviewed 110 patients with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the better eye from light perception (LP) to 0.8 logMAR measured by LogMAR LEC. The reproducibility of the log MAR LEC and BRVT was evaluated on 39 eyes from 20 patients, and 33 eyes from 20 patients respectively. The comparison of logMAR between BRVT and logMAR LEC was evaluated by surveying 61 eyes from 70 patients. In addition, regardless of their BCVA, the eyes from patients with worse than 2.0 logMAR by LogMAR LEC were re-evaluated by BRVT.
RESULTS
The logMAR of patients examined by BRVT or logMAR LEC did not show any significant difference between the first and second examinations, and there was a strong correlation between the examinations in both eye charts. The BRVT significantly produced better logMAR compared with logMAR LEC, and the strong correlation was shown between both eye charts. Although 35 eyes from 28 patients among 110 patients could not be quantified by logMAR LEC, 18 eyes of 35 eyes could be quantified logMAR by BRVT.
CONCLUSIONS
The BRVT and logMAR LEC are reliable visual acuity measurement tools. Moreover, the BRVT is potentially effective in quantifying visual acuity of the more severe visually impaired patients.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Reproducibility of Results; Vision Tests; Vision, Low; Visual Acuity; Visually Impaired Persons; Young Adult
PubMed: 24057176
DOI: 10.1007/s00417-013-2469-2 -
Aviation, Space, and Environmental... May 2005A comparison of the results obtained with the Nagel anomaloscope and the Holmes-Wright Type A, Spectrolux, and Beyne aviation color vision lanterns was undertaken. The... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Comparative Study
INTRODUCTION
A comparison of the results obtained with the Nagel anomaloscope and the Holmes-Wright Type A, Spectrolux, and Beyne aviation color vision lanterns was undertaken. The Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR) specify pass/fail limits for these four secondary color vision tests and the Ishihara screening test. The results for individuals on all five tests were studied.
METHODS
The color vision of 55 color-vision deficient and 24 color-vision normal subjects, mostly applicant pilots, was assessed using a battery of tests, including the Ishihara plates, the Nagel anomaloscope, and three lanterns. The testing methods and characteristics of the lanterns and anomaloscope were compared.
RESULTS
Of the color-deficient applicants, only deuteranomalous trichromats passed more than one of the four secondary JAR tests, but a pass on one test did not reliably predict a pass on another test. Three out of nine protanomalous trichromats passed the Nagel anomaloscope but failed all three lantern tests. Of the normal trichromats, 12 failed the anomaloscope and 12 failed the Beyne lantern.
DISCUSSION
Variability in pass/fail results can be attributed to many factors apart from loss of chromatic sensitivity. Some normal trichromats can fail both the Ishihara screening and the secondary tests. The approved secondary test varies between countries and the outcome of regulatory assessment depends on the color vision test used. Since the flight safety consequences of the current situation cannot be ignored, the development of a less variable technique for color vision assessment that is accepted internationally, allied with a better understanding of color vision requirements, is needed.
Topics: Aerospace Medicine; Color Vision Defects; Equipment Design; Humans; Sensitivity and Specificity; Vision Tests
PubMed: 15892538
DOI: No ID Found