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Survey of Ophthalmology 1983There are no universally accepted standards for visual acuity tests or norms in young (3-6-year-old) children, although acuity measurement is important in both clinical... (Review)
Review
There are no universally accepted standards for visual acuity tests or norms in young (3-6-year-old) children, although acuity measurement is important in both clinical and screening settings. This review outlines the requirements for such standards. Although more research is needed, available data suggest that a standard test should meet the following requirements. It should utilize a letter optotype (tumbling E, Landolt C, or HOTV variant of the STYCAR), and single optotype with contour interaction bar surround. It should permit nonverbal pointing responses in younger children and verbal responses in older children. If an orientation-specifying method is followed, as with the E or Landolt C, the test should use a three-alternative choice--up, down, and sideways with a nondifferentiated left-right--rather than the traditional four alternative choice. A C-like O pseudo-optotype should be considered in a paired-comparison test format when the Landolt C is utilized, with a similar format for the tumbling E if a suitable pseudo-optotype can be derived. The optical grating test, which is widely used in infant testing, may underestimate acuity deficits and so is not a test of choice for determination of Snellen-equivalent acuity. A letter-based variant of the grating test may hold promise. Reduction in testing distance from 6 to 3 or 4 meters is recommended.
Topics: Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 6359515
DOI: 10.1016/0039-6257(83)90076-0 -
Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the... Jan 2024To investigate the feasibility of children measuring their own contrast sensitivity using a range of tablet- and paper-based tests.
PURPOSE
To investigate the feasibility of children measuring their own contrast sensitivity using a range of tablet- and paper-based tests.
METHODS
Forty children aged 5-15 years with amblyopia (N = 10), bilateral vision impairment (N = 10) or good vision (N = 20) measured their own vision on a screen-based optotype test (Manifold), a gamified vision test (PopCSF) and a paper-based test (Spotchecks) in a laboratory with minimal supervision. Completion rate, test-retest repeatability, test duration and participants' preferences were recorded for each test.
RESULTS
Most participants (36/40) were able to perform all three tests. All tests were correlated with clinically measured visual acuity and contrast sensitivity (p < 0.001). The 95% coefficient of repeatability was 0.30 dB for Manifold, 0.29 dB for PopCSF and 0.13 dB for Spotchecks. All tests differentiated between children with reduced contrast sensitivity and control participants. PopCSF and Spotchecks were also able to differentiate between children with amblyopia and those with good vision. Median test time was 152, 130 and 202 s for Manifold, PopCSF and Spotchecks, respectively. Twenty-two participants preferred the PopCSF test, 10 preferred Spotchecks and 6 preferred Manifold. Thirty-nine out of the 40 children (98%) said they would measure their own vision at home using at least one of these tests every month.
CONCLUSIONS
Children and young people can test their own contrast sensitivity with repeatable results. Of these three tests, the most repeatable was Spotchecks, the quickest was PopCSF and participants' favourite was PopCSF. Nearly all of the participants said they would be willing to use at least one of the three tests at home.
Topics: Child; Humans; Adolescent; Amblyopia; Contrast Sensitivity; Vision Tests; Vision, Ocular; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 37728235
DOI: 10.1111/opo.13230 -
Optometry and Vision Science : Official... Jun 2019Well-established charts such as Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study are able to quantify visual acuity (VA) with a low cutoff of 1.6 logMAR. Below this point,... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
SIGNIFICANCE
Well-established charts such as Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study are able to quantify visual acuity (VA) with a low cutoff of 1.6 logMAR. Below this point, nonquantitative measures, such as count fingers, hand movements, and light perception, are used. There is a need for more reproducible, comparable, and reliable ways to measure VA changes in this patient cohort.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the ability of the Berkeley Rudimentary Vision Test (BRVT) and the Freiburg Acuity Test (FrACT) to quantify VA in low-vision patients who score nonnumerical VAs in standard charts.
METHODS
Fifty adult participants with VA ≤1.0 logMAR in both eyes were recruited from the Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom. Correlation between FrACT and BRVT results and the correlation between VA and daily living activities were analyzed statistically. Potential predictors of differences were investigated.
RESULTS
The BRVT was significantly faster to conduct (P = .002), but FrACT was able to quantify vision numerically in a greater proportion of eyes. The κ agreement between tests was 0.26. The difference increased systematically with the VA reduction (P < .0001). The Bland-Altman analysis showed a skew to measurement of lower logMAR VA indicating better vision measured on the FrACT. The only significant predictor of difference between the tests was binocular VA (coefficient, -0.445; P = .001).
CONCLUSIONS
Both tests are suitable for a very low-vision population. The BRVT is a faster test to administer, but FrACT provides a numerical result in more eyes. The poor intertest repeatability indicates that they cannot be used interchangeably. The BRVT generally reported poorer vision than did the FrACT. The medium of presentation, such as a computer screen or externally lit print medium, is likely to be the biggest factor in these differences and warrants further investigation.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biometry; Cross-Over Studies; Diabetic Retinopathy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Refraction, Ocular; Surveys and Questionnaires; United Kingdom; Vision Tests; Vision, Low; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 31058709
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001380 -
American Journal of Ophthalmology Oct 1957
Topics: Child; Humans; Vision Tests; Vision, Ocular
PubMed: 13469937
DOI: 10.1016/0002-9394(57)90151-4 -
The British Journal of Ophthalmology Dec 1999
Clinical Trial
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 10660317
DOI: 10.1136/bjo.83.12.1403f -
Korean Journal of Ophthalmology : KJO Jun 1991Three hundred patients who have congenital colour vision deficiencies were examined at the author's eye clinic for 3 years (1987-1990) using 5 types of colour vision...
Three hundred patients who have congenital colour vision deficiencies were examined at the author's eye clinic for 3 years (1987-1990) using 5 types of colour vision tests: Hahn's, TMC's, Okuma's (new), H-R-R's colour vision tests and Double 15 Hue Test (Hahn). The results obtained from each test were quite different in type and grade, and the summarized results were considered to be the best: Type: protan 23.3%, deutan 76.0%, unclassified 0.7% Grade: mild 20.3%, medium 25.3%, strong 54.4% The frequency of coincidence both in type and grade between the summarized results and those of each test were compared, and the highest was 62.3% in Double 15 Hue Test. The efficiency of the author's colour vision test and Double 15 Hue Test were evaluated with the data in this clinical trial, and they were found to be useful for classifying the type and estimating the grade of the congenital and also acquired colour vision deficiencies.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Color Perception Tests; Color Vision Defects; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 1942599
DOI: 10.3341/kjo.1991.5.1.26 -
International Ophthalmology Sep 2020To describe visual performance in high myopia.
PURPOSE
To describe visual performance in high myopia.
METHODS
In this cross-sectional study, 148 emmetropes [spherical equivalent (SE) - 0.50 to + 1.00 D] and 564 high myopes [SE ≤ - 6.00 D] were categorised into three groups (Group 1: SE - 6.00 to > - 8.00 D; Group 2: SE - 8.00 to > - 10.00 D; and Group 3: SE ≤ - 10.00 D). Multivariate regression analyses adjusting for age and ethnicity examined the relationship between corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) [photopic, mesopic and super vision test-night vision goggles (SVT-NVG)] and contrast sensitivity (CS)] (mesopic and SVT-NVG) with SE and axial length (AL).
RESULTS
Mean age of subjects was 21.07 ± 1.17 years, and majority were Chinese (91.9%). Mean SE was 0.10 ± 0.23 D (emmetropes) and - 8.76 ± 2.04 D (high myopes), p < 0.001. Higher degrees of myopia were associated with reduced CDVA and CS, and increased AL (all p < 0.001). Among high myopes, Group 1 had the highest proportion of subjects with good CDVA (photopic ≤ 0.00 LogMAR, mesopic ≤ 0.00 LogMAR and NVG ≤ 0.10 LogMAR) and CS (mesopic ≥ 0.75 LogCS and NVG ≥ 0.35 LogCS) compared with Groups 2 and 3 (all p < 0.001). Among high myopes with good VA (photopic ≤ 0.00 LogMAR, mesopic ≤ 0.00 LogMAR and NVG ≤ 0.10 LogMAR), Group 1 also had the highest proportion of subjects who achieved mesopic ≥ 0.75 LogCS and NVG ≥ 0.35 LogCS (both p < 0.001). Multivariate analyses demonstrated that reduced VA and CS were associated with decreased SE and increased AL (all p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
High myopia is associated with reduced VA and reduced CS.
Topics: Adult; Contrast Sensitivity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Myopia; Refraction, Ocular; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity; Young Adult
PubMed: 32385613
DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01403-7 -
Journal of AAPOS : the Official... Apr 2018The double Maddox rod test is often used to measure cyclodeviations and to monitor change over time. The purpose of this study was to estimate test-retest reliability...
The double Maddox rod test is often used to measure cyclodeviations and to monitor change over time. The purpose of this study was to estimate test-retest reliability and the amount of cyclodeviation that would be considered real change using 95% limits of agreement. We retrospectively studied 86 clinically stable patients with double Maddox rod measurements 5-175 days apart (median, 69 days). The range of cyclodeviation at the first measurement was 6° incyclodeviation to 15° excyclodeviation. We calculated the half width of the 95% limits of agreement to be 4.7°, which means that a change of ≥5° in cyclodeviation would be considered a real change. The threshold of 5° should be used when assessing change between two measurements made with double Maddox rods.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Eye Movements; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oculomotor Muscles; Reproducibility of Results; Retrospective Studies; Strabismus; Vision Tests; Vision, Binocular; Visual Acuity; Young Adult
PubMed: 29317291
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2017.09.010 -
Journal of Biomedical Optics Jun 2015We proposed a glasses-free randot stereotest using a multiview display system. We designed a four-view parallax barrier system and proposed the use of a random-dot...
We proposed a glasses-free randot stereotest using a multiview display system. We designed a four-view parallax barrier system and proposed the use of a random-dot multigram as a set of view images for the glasses-free randot stereotest. The glasses-free randot stereotest can be used to verify the effect of glasses in a stereopsis experience. Furthermore, the proposed system is convertible between two-view and four-view structures so that the motion parallax effect could be verified within the system. We discussed the design principles and the method used to generate images in detail and implemented a glasses-free randot stereotest system with a liquid crystal display panel and a customized parallax barrier. We also developed graphical user interfaces and a method for their calibration for practical usage. We performed experiments with five adult subjects with normal vision. The experimental results show that the proposed system provides a stereopsis experience to the subjects and is consistent with the glasses-type randot stereotest and the Frisby–Davis test. The implemented system is free from monocular cues and provides binocular disparity only. The crosstalk of the system is about 6.42% for four-view and 4.17% for two-view, the time required for one measurement is less than 20 s, and the minimum angular disparity that the system can provide is about 23 arc sec.
Topics: Adult; Depth Perception; Equipment Design; Humans; User-Computer Interface; Vision Tests
PubMed: 26057031
DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.20.6.065004 -
British Medical Journal Apr 1970
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Child; Disabled Persons; Humans; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 4246194
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5701.108