-
Ophthalmology Mar 1979A behavioral method of screening binocular infant vision called forced choice preferential looking (FPL) has been developed. Clinical trials of the FPL test for young...
A behavioral method of screening binocular infant vision called forced choice preferential looking (FPL) has been developed. Clinical trials of the FPL test for young infants are reported here. The test aids nonspecialized personnel in early identification of bilateral ocular abnormalities and anomalies of binocular cooperation (strabismus). It is not possible to screen for monocular eye disease or amblyopia with this test. Modifications of the FPL test may offer new ways of assessing other aspects of visual function early in life.
Topics: Age Factors; Child Health Services; Choice Behavior; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Vision Disorders; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 530593
DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(79)35497-5 -
Journal of Biomedical Optics 2004We describe a novel method for testing a visual field that employs a computer monitor with displays of varying contrast that permits unprecedented resolution and...
We describe a novel method for testing a visual field that employs a computer monitor with displays of varying contrast that permits unprecedented resolution and characterization of the structure of scotomas in three dimensions. Patients are placed in front of a touch-sensitive computer screen at a fixed distance. With one eye covered, they focus on a central fixation marker and trace with their finger the areas on an Amsler grid that are missing from their field of vision. Increasing degrees of contrast of the Amsler grid are simulated by repeating the test at different gray-scale levels. The results are recorded and then displayed as topographical contour rings by the computer test program. The results can also be rendered as an immediate 3-D depiction of the central hill-of-vision. Several clinical pilot studies have been conducted at the Doheny Eye Institute and more than 200 patients have been examined with this system so far. Conditions such as optic neuritis, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, and ocular hypertension have been successfully assessed by this test. Each condition provides unique patterns that are most evident in 3-D. The 3-D computer-automated threshold Amsler grid test is an innovative and noninvasive visual field test. It provides several advantages over state-of-the-art standard automated perimetry, including: (1) additional information through 3-D depiction of scotomas, such as location, extent, slope, depth, and shape; (2) high angular resolution (1 deg compared with typically 6 deg); (3) a simple test setup (merely a touch-sensitive computer monitor and the test software); (4) excellent patient compliance (spending 4 to 5 min per eye). In light of its promising initial tests, the 3-D visual field test appears to have the potential for the early detection and monitoring of various diseases over time.
Topics: Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; Equipment Design; Equipment Failure Analysis; Glaucoma; Humans; Macular Degeneration; Optic Neuritis; Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic; Reproducibility of Results; Scotoma; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sensory Thresholds; Vision Tests; Vision, Binocular; Visual Acuity; Visual Field Tests; Visual Fields
PubMed: 14715067
DOI: 10.1117/1.1625952 -
Optometry and Vision Science : Official... Feb 2005The Minnesota Low-Vision Reading Test (MNREAD) has been developed to measure reading speed. An abbreviated version of the MNREAD test was developed that presented only... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
The Minnesota Low-Vision Reading Test (MNREAD) has been developed to measure reading speed. An abbreviated version of the MNREAD test was developed that presented only three large paragraphs and would be easier for children to complete.
METHODS
Fifty children ages 8 to 18 years, with normal eye examinations or refractive error alone, underwent testing of reading speed using the MNREAD test. All the children read the standard MNREAD paragraphs starting at the 1.0 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) level until they could no longer read the subsequent paragraph. Each eye was tested separately, using the second MNREAD card for the left eye. The standard MNREAD reading speed was calculated by plotting the speed for each paragraph, determining the critical print size, then taking the median value of all the paragraphs above the cutoff paragraph. The proposed abbreviated test reading speed was calculated from the median of three large paragraphs (logMAR, 1.0, 0.9, and 0.8). At a second site, 25 children with a variety of ocular conditions were similarly tested using an alternative abbreviated test (logMAR, 1.3, 1.2, and 1.1). The standard and abbreviated reading speeds were then compared between tests and between eyes using generalized estimating equation and intraclass correlation coefficients.
RESULTS
The mean reading method speeds with the standard and abbreviated tests were almost identical [177 words per minute (wpm) +/- 46 wpm vs. 178 +/- 46 wpm, p = 0.43 for normal children and 140 +/- 29 wpm vs. 141 +/- 33 wpm, p = 0.35 in children with a variety of ocular conditions]. CONCLUSION.: The new abbreviated version of the MNREAD reading speed test yields similar results to the standard MNREAD test in children. The new abbreviated MNREAD test is faster to administer and appears to be particularly useful for children.
Topics: Adolescent; Case-Control Studies; Child; Humans; Reading; Time Factors; Vision Tests; Vision, Low
PubMed: 15711459
DOI: 10.1097/01.opx.0000153163.60056.95 -
Clinical & Experimental Optometry Jul 2003The Farnsworth D15 test is designed to categorise colour vision deficiency as severe or moderate. The level of difficulty of the test was set so that those who passed it...
BACKGROUND
The Farnsworth D15 test is designed to categorise colour vision deficiency as severe or moderate. The level of difficulty of the test was set so that those who passed it should be able to recognise surface colour codes, such as those used for electrical wiring. The test is widely used to provide advice to patients with abnormal colour vision and is often used for occupational selection when reliable recognition of surface colour codes is required. However, there has been only one previous study of the correlation between performance at the D15 test and the naming of surface colour codes and there has been no study of whether a person who passes the D15 can reliably name surface colours.
METHODS
One hundred and two people aged 11 to 65 years with abnormal colour vision were recruited from consecutively presenting optometric patients and were asked to name the colours of fabric, paint and cotton thread samples. There were 10 colours in each class of material and the samples were presented in a large (five to 10 degree angular subtense) and small size (2.5 deg and a single thread). The errors made were compared to those made by an age-matched control group of equal size with normal colour vision.
RESULTS
The correlations between the Farnsworth D15 colour confusion index and colour naming errors were 0.62 for the large stimuli and 0.73 for the small stimuli. Its sensitivity and specificity identifying those who made more errors than the worst performing colour normal person were 0.80 and 0.69 (large stimuli) and 0.75 and 0.71 (small stimuli). A Nagel anomaloscope range of less than 35 scale units provides essentially the same sensitivity and specificity.
CONCLUSIONS
About 40 per cent of those with abnormal colour vision can name the main colours correctly under good visibility conditions. The D15 test is an imperfect predictor of those who can name surface colour codes correctly but it does provide useful information for general counselling. It is not suitable as a single test for occupational selection because it will pass 20 per cent who cannot name surface colours correctly and fail 30 per cent who can. In occupations in which recognition of surface colour codes is of critical importance, it may be best not to select people with abnormal colour vision because of the lack of a colour vision test that is a perfect predictor of the ability to recognise surface colours.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Case-Control Studies; Child; Color Perception; Color Vision Defects; Humans; Middle Aged; Severity of Illness Index; Vision Tests
PubMed: 12859240
DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03109.x -
Graefe's Archive For Clinical and... Mar 2014As the desire for spectacle independence following cataract surgery grows, so does interest in the implantation of multifocal intraocular lenses. However, glare... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Observational Study
BACKGROUND
As the desire for spectacle independence following cataract surgery grows, so does interest in the implantation of multifocal intraocular lenses. However, glare phenomena, reduced intermediate vision and loss of image quality are known problems associated with this new generation of lenses. We compared the functional results achieved by the implantation of the diffractive-refractive Acri.LISA 366D lenses to those achieved from implanting monofocal Acri.Smart 46LC lenses.
METHODS
In a retrospective data analysis we followed ten patients who received bifocal intraocular lenses (Acri.LISA 366D) and ten patients who received monofocal intraocular lenses (Acri.Smart 46LC). Lenses were always implanted in both eyes. In each group we assessed visual acuity and contrast sensitivity with the Freiburg Vison Test (FrACT) at multiple distances ranging from 0.5 to 5 m. Additionally, we assessed near vision with the Birkhaeuser charts. We also evaluated photopic phenomena and patient satisfaction using a standardised questionnaire. One patient in the Acri.LISA group and six patients in the control group missed the recommended follow-up visits.
RESULTS
We found good uncorrected distance and near visual acuity. Only three of nine patients wore glasses occasionally. Although their contrast sensitivity decreased by a factor of two compared to the control group, patients did not complain about visual disturbances. Patient satisfaction was predominantly high following Acri.LISA 366D implantation.
CONCLUSIONS
With the Acri.LISA 366D, patients demonstrate excellent near and distance vision, albeit with reduced contrast sensitivity. Acri Lisa is a viable option in patients that do not want to depend on spectacles.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Contrast Sensitivity; Female; Humans; Lens Implantation, Intraocular; Lenses, Intraocular; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Satisfaction; Phacoemulsification; Prosthesis Design; Pseudophakia; Retrospective Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires; Treatment Outcome; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 24435632
DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2565-y -
Bucherei Des Augenarztes 1965
Topics: Humans; Vision Tests
PubMed: 5891919
DOI: No ID Found -
The British Journal of Ophthalmology Jun 2007Contrast sensitivity measurement in UK clinical practice is most commonly performed with the Pelli-Robson chart. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
BACKGROUND
Contrast sensitivity measurement in UK clinical practice is most commonly performed with the Pelli-Robson chart.
AIMS
To compare the repeatability of two new contrast sensitivity charts and to measure their agreement with the Pelli-Robson charts.
METHOD
Contrast sensitivity was measured monocularly using two versions of the Mars letter contrast sensitivity chart, two presentations on the Test Chart 2000 and two versions of the Pelli-Robson chart. Bland-Altman techniques were used to assess repeatability and agreement.
RESULTS
53 subjects were recruited with visual acuity from 6/4 to 6/72. The coefficient of repeatability was 0.182 for the Pelli-Robson chart, 0.121 for the Mars chart and 0.238 for Test Chart 2000. Limits of agreement with the Pelli-Robson chart were -0.29 to +0.15 log units for the Mars letter contrast sensitivity chart and -0.32 to +0.78 log units for the Test Chart 2000. For patients with poor contrast sensitivity, the limits of agreement between the Test Chart 2000 and the Pelli-Robson chart improved from -0.33 to +0.15 log units.
CONCLUSION
In a population of hospital ophthalmology patients, the coefficient of repeatability is better for the Mars chart and worse for the Test Chart 2000 when compared with the Pelli-Robson chart. The electronic test chart does not agree well with the Pelli-Robson chart, although this might simply be due to the performance of liquid crystal display screens at low contrast levels. The Mars letter contrast sensitivity chart shows good validity and reasonable agreement with the Pelli-Robson chart.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Contrast Sensitivity; Humans; Middle Aged; Reproducibility of Results; Vision Tests; Vision, Low; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 17166891
DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2006.109280 -
Eye (London, England) Jan 2016PurposeThe visual standard to hold a UK driver's license since 2012 includes visual acuity (VA) measured indoors and the ability to read a car numberplate outdoors.... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PurposeThe visual standard to hold a UK driver's license since 2012 includes visual acuity (VA) measured indoors and the ability to read a car numberplate outdoors. Individuals with reduced contrast sensitivity may have greater visual difficulties outdoors. The agreement between the two tests in the presence of combined reduction in contrast sensitivity and VA was investigated.MethodsSimulation glasses ('sim-specs') were used to reduce both high-contrast VA and contrast sensitivity (CS). Following evaluation of the influence of sim-specs on VA and CS, levels 2 to 4 were chosen to give a range of VAs on either side of the driving standard of 6/12. Sixty-two participants wearing sim-specs then had VA tested with Snellen and ETDRS charts indoors, and ability to read a numberplate assessed outdoors as per DVLA regulations.ResultsSim-specs reduced VA and CS by ~0.10 logMAR VA per 0.10 logCS. The sensitivity of test chart VA <6/12 to correctly predict failure on the numberplate was 61% for Snellen and 56% for ETDRS.ConclusionFalse-negative and -positive rates were higher than in a previous study with uncorrected refractive error only. Reduced CS increased the lack of agreement between the two driving vision standards, which likely occurs as the VA test is performed indoors and the numberplate test outdoors. The increased likelihood of failing the numberplate test even though VA is 6/12 or better needs to be considered when advising patients on fitness to drive who have ocular disease such as cataract.
Topics: Adult; Automobile Driver Examination; Automobile Driving; Contrast Sensitivity; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Sensitivity and Specificity; United Kingdom; Vision Disorders; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity; Young Adult
PubMed: 26471119
DOI: 10.1038/eye.2015.188 -
The Journal of Pediatrics Feb 1946
Topics: Humans; Physicians; Vision Tests
PubMed: 21018169
DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(46)80250-6 -
Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the... Jan 2022Current chart-based tests of spatial contrast sensitivity (SCS) with fixed or narrow frequency ranges (≤18 cycles/°) cannot characterise the limits of spatial...
PURPOSE
Current chart-based tests of spatial contrast sensitivity (SCS) with fixed or narrow frequency ranges (≤18 cycles/°) cannot characterise the limits of spatial contrast vision. Here we present the design and validation of a chart-based measure of the spatial contrast envelope.
METHODS
Following the principles of the standard visual acuity (Bailey-Lovie) and contrast sensitivity (Pelli-Robson) charts, a combined spatial-contrast and visual acuity chart was designed using a language-independent triangular symbol for a four-alternative forced-choice procedure plus chart rotation. Symbol frequencies ranged between 0.38 and 60 cycles/° spaced along 10 radial axes (0.55%-100% contrast). The chart was validated with reference to the Bailey-Lovie and Pelli-Robson charts; its reliability and sensitivity to changes in illumination, simulated cataract and blur was evaluated in healthy adults.
RESULTS
The photopic SCS function could be measured in 5.5 ± 0.5 min; thresholding around the spatial contrast resolution limit reduced completion times to ~2 min. There was good agreement with high-contrast visual acuity (difference = 0.08 ± 0.02 logMAR) and contrast-sensitivity at 1.5 cycles/° (0.13 ± 0.06 logCS). Test-retest reliability was excellent at all spatial frequencies (ICC = 0.99). Mesopic illumination or simulated cataract caused a generalised SCS loss; myopic blur reduced high-frequency sensitivity. Spatial contrast sensitivity was independent of radial axis orientation (cardinal or oblique).
CONCLUSIONS
The chart provides a time-efficient, reliable and inexpensive measure of SCS with applications in research and clinic for detecting subtle deficits in early stages of ocular and neurological conditions that often manifest at higher frequencies. It is sensitive to vision changes occurring in dim lighting and with simulated cataract and blur. The chart is available open-access for self-printing; contrast variation in print can be controlled through user calibration and/or establishing normative SCS functions using the theoretical values.
Topics: Adult; Color Vision; Contrast Sensitivity; Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 34755353
DOI: 10.1111/opo.12914