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Current Eye Research Jul 2018To determine the relationships between visual function and ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer thickness and neuropsychological measures in multiple sclerosis (MS).
PURPOSE
To determine the relationships between visual function and ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer thickness and neuropsychological measures in multiple sclerosis (MS).
METHODS
Ninety-five relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and 36 progressive MS patients underwent 100%-contrast visual acuity (VA), 2.5%- and 1.25%-contrast letter acuity (LA) testing, Cirrus-HD-optical coherence tomography, and neuropsychological assessments. Mixed-effects regression models were used to assess relationships.
RESULTS
Across the cohort, 1.25%-contrast LA was associated with Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT; β = 2.17, p = 0.005) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R) total recall (TR) and delayed recall (DR) scores (β = 0.31, p < 0.001; β = 0.15, p = 0.039, respectively). 2.5%-contrast LA was associated with BVMT-R TR scores (β = 0.27, p = 0.006). In the RRMS cohort, 1.25%-contrast LA was generally more significantly associated with cognitive measures: SDMT (β = 2.97, p = 0.001) and BVMT-R TR (β = 0.32, p < 0.001) and DR (β = 0.22, p = 0.012).
CONCLUSION
This study suggests that visual pathway measures, particularly visual function measures, reflect aspects of cognitive function in MS, further supporting their roles as complementary outcomes in MS neuroprotection trials.
Topics: Adult; Cognition; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Sclerosis; Retina; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Visual Acuity; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 29634379
DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1459730 -
Cortex; a Journal Devoted To the Study... Feb 2004
Review
Topics: Animals; Brain Mapping; Frontal Lobe; Humans; Neuroanatomy; Space Perception; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 15070012
DOI: 10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70956-0 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2023Macular degeneration (MD) embodies a collection of disorders causing a progressive loss of central vision. Cross-sectional MRI studies have revealed structural changes...
Macular degeneration (MD) embodies a collection of disorders causing a progressive loss of central vision. Cross-sectional MRI studies have revealed structural changes in the grey and white matter in the posterior visual pathway in MD but there remains a need to understand how such changes progress over time. To that end we assessed the posterior pathway, characterising the visual cortex and optic radiations over a ~ 2-year period in MD patients and controls. We performed cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of the former. Reduced cortical thickness and white matter integrity were observed in patients compared to controls, replicating previous findings. While faster, neither the rate of thinning in visual cortex nor the reduction in white matter integrity during the ~ 2-year period reached significance. We also measured cortical myelin density; cross-sectional data showed this was higher in patients than controls, likely as a result of greater thinning of non-myelinated tissue in patients. However, we also found evidence of a greater rate of loss of myelin density in the occipital pole in the patient group indicating that the posterior visual pathway is at risk in established MD. Taken together, our results revealed a broad decline in grey and white matter in the posterior visual pathway in bilateral MD; cortical thickness and fractional anisotropy show hints of an accelerated rate of loss also, with larger effects emerging in the occipital pole.
Topics: Humans; Visual Pathways; Cross-Sectional Studies; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Occipital Lobe; White Matter; Macular Degeneration
PubMed: 36973337
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31819-x -
Pediatric Neurosurgery Mar 2002
Topics: Cranial Nerve Neoplasms; Female; Glioma; Humans; Infant; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Optic Nerve Glioma; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 11919452
DOI: 10.1159/000048373 -
Journal of Vision May 2011Visual coding is a highly dynamic process and continuously adapting to the current viewing context. The perceptual changes that result from adaptation to recently viewed... (Review)
Review
Visual coding is a highly dynamic process and continuously adapting to the current viewing context. The perceptual changes that result from adaptation to recently viewed stimuli remain a powerful and popular tool for analyzing sensory mechanisms and plasticity. Over the last decade, the footprints of this adaptation have been tracked to both higher and lower levels of the visual pathway and over a wider range of timescales, revealing that visual processing is much more adaptable than previously thought. This work has also revealed that the pattern of aftereffects is similar across many stimulus dimensions, pointing to common coding principles in which adaptation plays a central role. However, why visual coding adapts has yet to be fully answered.
Topics: Adaptation, Ocular; Adaptation, Psychological; Dark Adaptation; Environment; Face; Figural Aftereffect; Humans; Learning; Observer Variation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Time Factors; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception
PubMed: 21602298
DOI: 10.1167/11.5.3 -
Eye (London, England) 1992The flash ERG and VEP have conspicuous immature features during the first 4 months following birth. The most marked maturational changes occur in ERG amplitude and VEP... (Review)
Review
The flash ERG and VEP have conspicuous immature features during the first 4 months following birth. The most marked maturational changes occur in ERG amplitude and VEP latency. Concurrent recording of the skin ERG and VEP provides information which is very useful in helping to arrive at a diagnosis in the young infant with nystagmus who appears to be blind and has a fundus of normal appearance. ERG and VEP features associated with Leber's Amaurosis, congenital cone dysfunction, albinism, optic nerve hypoplasia and unilateral hemisphere dysfunction are described.
Topics: Electroretinography; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Retina; Vision Disorders; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 1624036
DOI: 10.1038/eye.1992.30 -
Trends in Neurosciences Jul 1994Recent studies of the primate visual system have focused on the proposal that the perception of form and motion are processed by two parallel pathways that originate... (Review)
Review
Recent studies of the primate visual system have focused on the proposal that the perception of form and motion are processed by two parallel pathways that originate from separate populations of cells in the retina. Earlier proposals for parallel processing of visual signals identified a third pathway that could be traced from the retina to the visual cortex. This third pathway was assumed to be unimportant. A growing body of evidence suggests that this pathway to cortex is distinct anatomically, physiologically and neurochemically, and is well represented in primates. These findings raise new and interesting questions not only about the role of this pathway, but also about the intracortical integration of afferent parallel signals.
Topics: Animals; Primates; Retina; Visual Cortex; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 7524217
DOI: 10.1016/0166-2236(94)90065-5 -
Journal of Neurotrauma Oct 2021Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes structural and functional damage to the central nervous system including the visual pathway. Defects in the afferent visual pathways... (Review)
Review
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes structural and functional damage to the central nervous system including the visual pathway. Defects in the afferent visual pathways affect visual function and in severe cases cause complete visual loss. Visual dysfunction is detectable by structural and functional ophthalmic examinations that are routine in the eye clinic, including examination of the pupillary light reflex and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Assessment of pupillary light reflex is a non-invasive assessment combining afferent and efferent visual function. While a assessment using a flashlight is relatively insensitive, automated pupillometry has 95% specificity and 78.1% sensitivity in detecting TBI-related visual and cerebral dysfunction with an area under the curve of 0.69-0.78. OCT may also serve as a noninvasive biomarker of TBI severity, demonstrating changes in the retinal ganglion cell layer and nerve fiber layer throughout the range of TBI severity even in the absence of visual symptoms. This review discusses the impact of TBI on visual structure and function.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Humans; Optic Nerve Injuries; Reflex, Pupillary; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Vision Disorders; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 34269619
DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0182 -
Current Biology : CB Jan 2023Color-biased regions have been found between face- and place-selective areas in the ventral visual pathway. To investigate the function of the color-biased regions in a...
Color-biased regions have been found between face- and place-selective areas in the ventral visual pathway. To investigate the function of the color-biased regions in a pathway responsible for object recognition, we analyzed the natural scenes dataset (NSD), a large 7T fMRI dataset from 8 participants who each viewed up to 30,000 trials of images of colored natural scenes over more than 30 scanning sessions. In a whole-brain analysis, we correlated the average color saturation of the images with voxel responses, revealing color-biased regions that diverge into two streams, beginning in V4 and extending medially and laterally relative to the fusiform face area in both hemispheres. We drew regions of interest (ROIs) for the two streams and found that the images for each ROI that evoked the largest responses had certain characteristics: they contained food, circular objects, warmer hues, and had higher color saturation. Further analyses showed that food images were the strongest predictor of activity in these regions, implying the existence of medial and lateral ventral food streams (VFSs). We found that color also contributed independently to voxel responses, suggesting that the medial and lateral VFSs use both color and form to represent food. Our findings illustrate how high-resolution datasets such as the NSD can be used to disentangle the multifaceted contributions of many visual features to the neural representations of natural scenes.
Topics: Humans; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception; Brain; Brain Mapping; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Photic Stimulation
PubMed: 36574774
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.063 -
Ophthalmic Research 2014In the literature, different graphic illustrations are available, which depict different parts of the visual pathway in relation to visual field sectors, to retinal... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
In the literature, different graphic illustrations are available, which depict different parts of the visual pathway in relation to visual field sectors, to retinal sectors, the layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), or sections of the primary visual cortex (V1). However, a complete overview is missing, which may be useful for a more precise differentiation of predominantly ophthalmological from intracerebral diseases. It may also be of interest to investigate additional intracerebral reasons that are involved in impaired vision of largely unknown pathophysiology.
METHODS
This work combines the scientific knowledge of partial graphics in one detailed illustration that allows exact follow-up of the neuronal connections from individual visual field sectors to the V1 areas. A selective search for peer-reviewed graphics of the visual pathway was performed in PubMed and Google Pictures.
RESULTS
Sixteen different visual field sectors and their 16 corresponding retinal sectors were set in relation to 64 LGN sections and 20 areas of V1. Segmented cross-sectional areas of the optic nerve supplemented the graphical representation of the fiber orientation in relation to the visual field.
CONCLUSION
The detailed illustration of the visual field projection along the visual pathway structures may facilitate a more precise calculation of correlations between morphological and functional measurements of ophthalmological and neuroradiological examinations.
Topics: Geniculate Bodies; Humans; Medical Illustration; Visual Cortex; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 24217563
DOI: 10.1159/000355464