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The American Journal of Clinical... Sep 2000Wheat flour is a possible food vehicle for vitamin A fortification. (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Wheat flour is a possible food vehicle for vitamin A fortification.
OBJECTIVE
This study assessed the efficacy of consumption of a vitamin A-fortified wheat-flour bun (pandesal) on the vitamin A status of school-age children.
DESIGN
This was a double-masked clinical trial conducted in 396 and 439 children aged 6-13 y attending 4 rural schools in the Philippines. The children were randomly assigned to a vitamin A-fortified (experimental) or nonfortified (control) group. A 60-g vitamin A-fortified pandesal (containing approximately 133 microg retinol equivalents) or a nonfortified pandesal was consumed by the children 5 d/wk for 30 wk. Vitamin A status, hemoglobin concentration, anthropometric status, morbidity, and dietary intake were assessed at baseline and 30 wk later. A modified relative dose response (MRDR) was assessed in a subsample of 20% of the children ( approximately 75/group) with the lowest initial serum retinol concentration at the 30-wk follow-up.
RESULTS
Baseline serum retinol significantly modified the effect of the intervention. The fortified group, whose initial serum retinol concentrations were below the median, had a 0.07 +/- 0.03-micromol/L greater improvement in serum retinol at the 30-wk follow-up than did the control group (P: = 0.02). Improved vitamin A status was also evident in the MRDR subsample. End-of-study differences in the MRDR showed that vitamin A- fortified pandesal intake decreased the percentage of children with inadequate liver vitamin A stores by 50% (15.3% compared with 28.6%; P: = 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Daily consumption of vitamin A-fortified pandesal significantly improved the vitamin A status of Filipino school-age children with marginal-to-low initial serum retinol concentrations.
Topics: Adolescent; Bread; Child; Double-Blind Method; Female; Flour; Food, Fortified; Humans; Liver; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Philippines; Schools; Triticum; Vitamin A
PubMed: 10966892
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/72.3.738 -
Zeitschrift Fur Ernahrungswissenschaft Jun 1984Since the first characterization and description of vitamin A this is used in otolaryngologic therapy for different forms of hearing disorders, and its relation to the... (Review)
Review
Since the first characterization and description of vitamin A this is used in otolaryngologic therapy for different forms of hearing disorders, and its relation to the inner ear is subject of investigation. Animal experiments and clinical studies were done to clarify the significance of vitamin A for the function of hearing. Besides this there were a lot of observations describing correlations between vitamin A metabolism and hearing loss. Recent investigations showed that vitamin A is present in high concentrations in the inner ear and stored there. Morphological experiments revealed different and in some way contradictory results, but they showed that vitamin A seems to be essential for inner-ear morphogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Ear, Inner; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency
PubMed: 6382839
DOI: 10.1007/BF02021685 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Nov 2019Vitamin A comprises vitamin A and vitamin A; vitamin A is retinol and its fatty-acid esters and vitamin A is 3,4-didehydroretinol and its fatty-acid esters. Although...
Vitamin A comprises vitamin A and vitamin A; vitamin A is retinol and its fatty-acid esters and vitamin A is 3,4-didehydroretinol and its fatty-acid esters. Although vitamin A is generally recognized as the major vitamin A, vitamin A is found in some birds and mammals that eat fish containing vitamin A. Plasma concentration of retinyl esters, but not retinol, is known to increase postprandially in humans. The objectives of this study were to confirm the presence of vitamin A in fish fed to penguins, and in penguin plasma, and the postprandial changes in vitamin A concentration in penguin plasma. Blood was collected from six male African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) before and after feeding on jack mackerels (Trachurus japonicus) along with a vitamin premix containing vitamin A. Vitamin A concentration in fish was much higher than the requirement, and was 5-fold higher than the vitamin A concentration. Vitamin A was present in plasma but its concentration was at least 100-fold below that of plasma retinol, suggesting that vitamin A is much less bioavailable than vitamin A in penguins. Plasma retinol and retinyl palmitate concentrations were found to be stable after the meal. Plasma retinol concentration is suggested to be homeostatically controlled in penguins against the rapid flow of vitamin A after meal. The absorbed vitamin A is thought to be transported to the liver via the portal vein for storage in penguins, resulting in stable retinyl palmitate concentration in plasma after meal.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Animals, Zoo; Diet; Fishes; Spheniscidae; Vitamin A
PubMed: 31548472
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0316 -
Clinical and Experimental Dermatology Mar 1985
Review
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Drug Administration Schedule; Etretinate; Female; Humans; Isotretinoin; Retinoids; Skin Diseases; Tretinoin; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency
PubMed: 3884193
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.1985.tb00541.x -
Indian Journal of Pediatrics Jul 1951
Topics: Humans; Skin Diseases; Vitamin A
PubMed: 14888284
DOI: 10.1007/BF02749205 -
Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene... 1990
Review
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Tretinoin; Vitamin A
PubMed: 2134349
DOI: No ID Found -
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Jul 1996To review longstanding experience in the safe use of vitamin A as therapeutic agent in prematurely born human neonates and more recently with young children infected... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review longstanding experience in the safe use of vitamin A as therapeutic agent in prematurely born human neonates and more recently with young children infected with the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
DESIGN
The studies reviewed were designed to intervene with vitamin A in the form of retinyl palmitate in human neonates and infants showing low levels of retinol in the blood.
SETTING
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine.
RESULTS
Evidence is presented that vitamin A can be administered safely to human neonates and infants without apparent acute toxic effects.
CONCLUSION
A carefully designed mode of administration of vitamin A can improve a patient's vitamin A status as determined by the elevation of blood vitamin A levels which in turn may be beneficial in lowering the morbidity.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency
PubMed: 8841769
DOI: No ID Found -
Food and Chemical Toxicology : An... Mar 1994The effect of maternal consumption of dietary ethanol and high doses of vitamin A by gavage was investigated by evaluating plasma, liver and foetal vitamin A in...
The effect of maternal consumption of dietary ethanol and high doses of vitamin A by gavage was investigated by evaluating plasma, liver and foetal vitamin A in Osborne-Mendel pregnant rats with a view to assessing whether ethanol modulated the potential toxicity of excess vitamin A. All groups received 4000 IU vitamin A/litre in a liquid diet. Ethanol-exposed groups also received 6.4% (v/v) ethanol in the liquid diet. Vitamin A was administered by gavage once per day in corn oil in doses ranging from 10,000 to 160,000 IU/kg body weight. Plasma vitamin A levels in ethanol-exposed groups were similar to levels in a pair-fed group. Plasma vitamin A levels were similar in the group given ethanol plus 40,000 IU vitamin A/kg and the group given 40,000 IU vitamin A/kg only, but were higher in the group receiving ethanol plus 80,000 IU vitamin A/kg than in the group given 80,000 IU vitamin A/kg only. Retinyl esters were present in the plasma of animals receiving 160,000 IU vitamin A/kg only, indicating possible saturation of the liver with vitamin A. Retinyl palmitate levels in female foetuses of the group administered ethanol plus 80,000 IU vitamin A/kg were significantly higher than those of the group administered 80,000 IU vitamin A/kg only; no significant differences in levels of retinyl palmitate in male foetuses were observed between these two groups. This observation suggests a possible sex difference in the modulation of vitamin A toxicity by ethanol in the foetus.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Diterpenes; Drug Interactions; Ethanol; Female; Fetus; Liver; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Rats; Retinyl Esters; Sex Characteristics; Stereoisomerism; Vitamin A
PubMed: 8157219
DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90197-x -
Annals of the New York Academy of... May 1998
Comparative Study Review
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adipose Tissue, Brown; Animals; Energy Metabolism; Gene Expression; Transcriptional Activation; Tretinoin; Vitamin A
PubMed: 9629149
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10757.x -
The Journal of Nutrition Nov 2001Although the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) is a widely used experimental animal, its exact vitamin A requirement is unknown. An amount of 430-3600 IU/d [129-1080...
Although the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) is a widely used experimental animal, its exact vitamin A requirement is unknown. An amount of 430-3600 IU/d [129-1080 retinol equivalents (RE)] is recommended, largely on the basis of depletion studies. Normal hepatic vitamin A appears to be 1 micromol/g liver. Our goal was to determine hepatic vitamin A concentrations of captive monkeys. Liver autopsy samples from rhesus and marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) monkeys were obtained from the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center. The rhesus monkeys consumed a diet with 40 IU (12 RE) retinyl acetate/g. Male and female monkeys consumed an estimated 250 and 175 g diet/d, respectively. Marmosets were fed a powder-based diet consisting of 20 IU (6 RE) retinyl acetate/g. The marmosets consumed an estimated 25 g of the diet/d. Liver samples were extracted and analyzed by HPLC. The vitamin A concentration of the rhesus monkey livers was very high at 17.0 +/- 6.3 micromol/g. The hepatic vitamin A of the marmosets was 1.25 +/- 0.58 micromol/g liver. Histologic examination of the livers revealed Ito cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the rhesus monkeys compared with the marmosets. Considering that the natural diet of the rhesus monkey (fruits, seeds, roots and insects) is not high in preformed vitamin A, the vitamin A content of the diet appears excessive, supplying four times the NRC recommendation and resulting in high liver stores.
Topics: Animals; Callithrix; Diet; Diterpenes; Female; Liver; Macaca mulatta; Male; Nutritional Requirements; Nutritional Status; Retinyl Esters; Vitamin A
PubMed: 11694616
DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.11.2904