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World Journal of Pediatrics : WJP Apr 2017Vulvovaginitis is the most common cause of gynecological complaints in children and young girls. Some of the factors which cause vulvovaginitis include hypoestrogenism,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Vulvovaginitis is the most common cause of gynecological complaints in children and young girls. Some of the factors which cause vulvovaginitis include hypoestrogenism, the anatomical proximity of rectum and delicate vulvar skin and vaginal mucosa.
DATA SOURCES
We made a literature search with Pubmed, Medline and Cochrane database from January 2002 to May 2015 in English language using the key words vulvovaginitis, children, clinical, diagnosis and treatment.
RESULTS
Vulvovaginitis in girls is usually caused by non-specific factors and hygiene measures, bioyoghurt and avoidance of chemical irritants are generally useful. Weight control if necessary and prevention of voiding dysfunction are effective. Vaginal flora is important in girls and results should be interpreted with clinical features to decide whether an isolated microorganism is part of the normal microflora or is the cause of symptomatic vulvovaginitis. Specific treatment is generally considered in case of a detected pathogen microorganism. Isolation of a sexually transmitted organism requires further investigation. Persistent disease may not always indicate a foreign body but it must be taken into account. Girls and parents are encouraged psychologically in all steps of evaluation, diagnosis and treatment. Probiotics, nanotechnology and petroleum jelly are other important treatment options used in vulvovaginitis.
CONCLUSIONS
In this review, we present current approach to the presentation and management of vulvovaginitis in childhood. This disorder requires a comprehensive evaluation in all steps of diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment.
Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Anti-Infective Agents; Child; Female; Humans; Hygiene; Prognosis; Risk Assessment; Severity of Illness Index; Treatment Outcome; Urinalysis; Vulvovaginitis
PubMed: 28083751
DOI: 10.1007/s12519-016-0078-y -
Pediatrics in Review Apr 1993
Review
Topics: Adolescent; Algorithms; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Female; Humans; Physical Examination; Prognosis; Puberty; Vaginal Smears; Vulvovaginitis
PubMed: 8516239
DOI: 10.1542/pir.14-4-141 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021Mixed vaginitis is the simultaneous presence of at least two types of vaginitis, contributing to an abnormal vaginal milieu and leading to vaginal symptoms and signs.... (Review)
Review
Mixed vaginitis is the simultaneous presence of at least two types of vaginitis, contributing to an abnormal vaginal milieu and leading to vaginal symptoms and signs. However, associations between symptoms and the type of mixed vaginitis have not been clearly elucidated, and research on mixed vaginitis is still in the preliminary stage. Therefore, the pathogenic mechanism of mixed vaginitis remains understudied. Mixed vaginitis generally involves the formation of mixed biofilms. The study of polymicrobial interactions and mixed biofilms will provide a new idea for the understanding of mixed vaginitis. Moreover, this review summarizes some effective management and laboratory diagnosis of mixed vaginitis to avoid inappropriate therapy, recurrence, and reinfection. It is of high clinical importance to obtain relevant clinical data to improve clinical knowledge about mixed vaginitis.
Topics: Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Female; Humans; Vulvovaginitis
PubMed: 34796129
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.759795 -
La Revue Du Praticien Oct 1997Candidiasis, infection due to Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis (Gardnerella vaginalis and/or other species) represent the major three causes of...
Candidiasis, infection due to Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis (Gardnerella vaginalis and/or other species) represent the major three causes of vulvo-vaginitis. Other are rare bacterial infections and non infectious vaginitis such as allergic and post-menopausal vaginitis with epithelial atrophy. Clues for the diagnosis include the clinical features of vaginal discharge, cytological examinations, bacterial and fungal cultures. Only T. vaginalis seems to be responsible of sexually transmitted disease. All appropriate antibacterial or anticandidosic treatment are immediately effective, but the mechanisms of recurrent candidiasis and vaginosis are still unclear.
Topics: Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Female; Humans; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Vaginitis; Vaginosis, Bacterial; Vulvovaginitis
PubMed: 9406511
DOI: No ID Found -
Comprehensive Therapy Sep 1991Successful treatment of vaginitis is based on a specific diagnosis and therapy (Table 2). The diagnostic category of nonspecific vaginitis is not helpful in therapy or... (Review)
Review
Successful treatment of vaginitis is based on a specific diagnosis and therapy (Table 2). The diagnostic category of nonspecific vaginitis is not helpful in therapy or in prevention and should be abandoned. In addition, sulfonamide creams and other broad-spectrum vaginal preparations have not been effective in treating vaginitis and should not be used for empiric treatment. The goal of therapy is not only to relieve symptoms, but also to achieve high cure rates and to prevent recurrence or transmission of the condition.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Trichomonas Infections; Vaginosis, Bacterial; Vulvovaginitis
PubMed: 1769193
DOI: No ID Found -
Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia 2021Recurrent vulvovaginitis is a growing problem that affects millions of women worldwide. In many cases it is treated as vulvovaginal candidiasis, but there is not always...
BACKGROUND
Recurrent vulvovaginitis is a growing problem that affects millions of women worldwide. In many cases it is treated as vulvovaginal candidiasis, but there is not always microbiological confirmation.
AIMS
To determine the etiology of vulvovaginitis in a group of patients.
METHODS
This is a cross-sectional study in which the data from the medical records of 316 adult patients who consulted for vulvovaginitis were analyzed. Eighty nine percent of the cases had already suffered previous episodes.
RESULTS
The median age was 34 (265 patients were between 16 and 45 years old). Yeasts were isolated in culture from 211 (66.8%) patients, although pseudo-hyphae and yeasts were observed in only 166 samples (52.5%) in the direct microscopic examination. Multiple predisposing factors were found, among which the use of contraceptives or previous antibiotics stand out. Most of the patients (almost 90%) had been treated with antifungals, with or without microbiological confirmation. Candida albicans was isolated in 187 (88.6%) patients, followed by Candida glabrata in 6 (2.8%) patients. Association with bacterial vaginosis was found in 35.1% and with intermediate bacterial microbiota in 33.2% of the cases. A remarkably high proportion of C. albicans isolates resistant to fluconazole (80.1%) and itraconazole (58.8%) was found.
CONCLUSIONS
A microbiological analysis is essential to confirm the diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis, whether simple, complicated, or recurrent. Identifying the isolated yeast species and determining its susceptibility to antifungal agents are particularly important.
Topics: Adult; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Female; Fluconazole; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Vulvovaginitis
PubMed: 34092515
DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2021.03.002 -
Italian Journal of Dermatology and... Apr 2023
Topics: Female; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Vulvovaginitis; Italy
PubMed: 35766458
DOI: 10.23736/S2784-8671.21.07252-2 -
Women's Health (London, England) Dec 2017Women use various feminine hygiene products, often as part of their daily cleansing routine; however, there is a paucity of published medical literature related to the... (Review)
Review
Women use various feminine hygiene products, often as part of their daily cleansing routine; however, there is a paucity of published medical literature related to the external vulva and how personal hygiene practices can affect it. This review article provides background information on the physiological changes that occur during women's lives and reviews the relevance of transient and resident microbiota as they relate to common vaginal and vulvar disorders. It also discusses the need for female intimate hygiene, common practices of feminine hygiene from a global perspective, and the potential benefits of using suitable external, topical feminine vulvar washes to minimize the risk of vulvovaginal disorders and to improve overall intimate health in women around the world. Supported by international guidelines, daily gentle cleansing of the vulva is an important aspect of feminine hygiene and overall intimate health. Women should be encouraged to choose a carefully formulated and clinically tested external wash that provides targeted antimicrobial and other health benefits without negatively impacting on the natural vulvovaginal microbiota.
Topics: Female; Feminine Hygiene Products; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Hygiene; Self Care; Vaginal Douching; Vulvovaginitis; Women's Health
PubMed: 28934912
DOI: 10.1177/1745505717731011 -
Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology Sep 1977The general subject of premenarchal vulvovaginitis has been reviewed. Vulvovaginal inflammations and infections in the premenarchal child are caused by a large number of...
The general subject of premenarchal vulvovaginitis has been reviewed. Vulvovaginal inflammations and infections in the premenarchal child are caused by a large number of etiologic agents. The symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of the most common of these, namely, nonspecific infections, specific nongonorrheal infections, gonorrhea, protozoal infestations, helminthiasis, mycotic infections, and inflammations due to physical, chemical, and allergenic agents, have been discussed. Reference has been made not only to the older literature but also to some of the pertinent reports published during the last 10 years.
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Foreign Bodies; Gonorrhea; Humans; Leukorrhea; Parasitic Diseases; Physical Examination; Vaginal Smears; Vulvovaginitis
PubMed: 891056
DOI: 10.1097/00003081-197709000-00008 -
Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology Mar 1993
Review
Topics: Acyclovir; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cesarean Section; Female; Gynecology; Humans; Incidence; Laser Therapy; Metronidazole; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Risk Factors; Vulvovaginitis
PubMed: 8435943
DOI: 10.1097/00003081-199303000-00025