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Experimental Physiology Nov 2017What is the topic of this review? This is the first review to look across the broad field of 'cold water immersion' and to determine the threats and benefits associated... (Review)
Review
What is the topic of this review? This is the first review to look across the broad field of 'cold water immersion' and to determine the threats and benefits associated with it as both a hazard and a treatment. What advances does it highlight? The level of evidence supporting each of the areas reviewed is assessed. Like other environmental constituents, such as pressure, heat and oxygen, cold water can be either good or bad, threat or treatment, depending on circumstance. Given the current increase in the popularly of open cold water swimming, it is timely to review the various human responses to cold water immersion (CWI) and consider the strength of the claims made for the effects of CWI. As a consequence, in this review we look at the history of CWI and examine CWI as a precursor to drowning, cardiac arrest and hypothermia. We also assess its role in prolonged survival underwater, extending exercise time in the heat and treating hyperthermic casualties. More recent uses, such as in the prevention of inflammation and treatment of inflammation-related conditions, are also considered. It is concluded that the evidence base for the different claims made for CWI are varied, and although in most instances there seems to be a credible rationale for the benefits or otherwise of CWI, in some instances the supporting data remain at the level of anecdotal speculation. Clear directions and requirements for future research are indicated by this review.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Body Temperature Regulation; Cold Temperature; Cryotherapy; Drowning; Exercise Tolerance; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; History, Ancient; Humans; Hydrotherapy; Immersion; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Swimming; Water
PubMed: 28833689
DOI: 10.1113/EP086283 -
Physical & Occupational Therapy in... Oct 2017To review the literature on the effects of aquatic intervention on gross motor skills for children with cerebral palsy (CP). (Review)
Review
AIMS
To review the literature on the effects of aquatic intervention on gross motor skills for children with cerebral palsy (CP).
DATA SOURCES
Six databases were searched from inception to January 2016.
REVIEW METHODS
Aquatic studies for children aged 1-21 years with any type or CP classification and at least one outcome measuring gross motor skills were included. Information was extracted on study design, outcomes, and aquatic program type, frequency, duration, and intensity. Quality was rated using the Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine: Levels of Evidence and the PEDro scale.
RESULTS
Of the 11 studies which met inclusion criteria, only two used randomized control trial design, and the results were mixed. Quality of evidence was rated as moderate to high for only one study. Most studies used quasi-experimental designs and reported improvements in gross motor skills for within group analyses after aquatic programs were held for two to three times per week and lasting for 6-16 weeks. Participants were classified according to the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I-V, and were aged 3-21 years. Mild to no adverse reactions were reported.
CONCLUSIONS
Evidence on aquatic interventions for ambulatory children with CP is limited. Aquatic exercise is feasible and adverse effects are minimal; however, dosing parameters are unclear. Further research is needed to determine aquatic intervention effectiveness and exercise dosing across age categories and GMFCS levels.
Topics: Adolescent; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Hydrotherapy; Infant; Motor Skills; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 27967298
DOI: 10.1080/01942638.2016.1247938 -
American Journal of Public Health Apr 1987
Topics: Female; Folliculitis; Humans; Hydrotherapy; Male
PubMed: 3826475
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.77.4.514 -
Journal of the American Geriatrics... Jun 2005
Topics: Aged; Baths; Dementia; Geriatric Nursing; Humans; Hydrotherapy; Patient-Centered Care; Temperature
PubMed: 15935042
DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53338_3.x -
The Interne Mar 1946
Topics: Hydrotherapy
PubMed: 21019090
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Alternative and... 1997
Topics: Balneology; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Hydrotherapy
PubMed: 9395699
DOI: 10.1089/acm.1997.3.105 -
The Interne Apr 1946
Topics: Hydrotherapy
PubMed: 21025589
DOI: No ID Found -
Communicable Disease Report. CDR Review Jun 1995Whirlpool baths are fitted with hydrojet circulation and/or air induction bubble systems. Water in a whirlpool bath, unlike a spa pool, is not filtered or chemically...
Whirlpool baths are fitted with hydrojet circulation and/or air induction bubble systems. Water in a whirlpool bath, unlike a spa pool, is not filtered or chemically treated but the bath is drained and cleaned between each bather. This is, we believe, the first report of Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound infection associated with the use of a whirlpool bath in a nursing home. Microbiologically confirmed infections with P. aeruginosa of identical antibiotic sensitivity patterns arose in one week in wounds of four of 24 residents who used a whirlpool bath from which P. aeruginosa was also isolated. P. aeruginosa was not isolated from the wounds of a further seven residents who did not use the whirlpool bath. The incident control team advised that use of the whirlpool bath should be restricted to continent residents with intact skin, and that the bath should be cleaned with a degreasing agent and disinfected with hypochlorite between use by individual residents. The hazard of infection posed by whirlpool baths, particularly in nursing homes, needs to be assessed. National guidance for their cleaning, maintenance, and disinfection is required.
Topics: Aged; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Hydrotherapy; Male; Nursing Homes; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Water Microbiology; Wound Infection
PubMed: 7613583
DOI: No ID Found -
Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift... Jul 2014A 15-year-old boy presented with painful nodules on his palms and discrete pustules on the forearm. Two days earlier he had taken a bath in a new whirlpool.
HISTORY AND ADMISSION FINDINGS
A 15-year-old boy presented with painful nodules on his palms and discrete pustules on the forearm. Two days earlier he had taken a bath in a new whirlpool.
INVESTIGATIONS
Bacteriological examination of the pustules revealed Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cervical and axillary lymph nodes were inconspicuous.
TREATMENT AND COURSE
The dermal infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was treated with i.v. piperacillin 4 g/tazobactam 0,5 g twice daily. Furthermore, the patient received 400 mg ibuprofen twice daily per os. Seven days later all symptoms had resolved.
CONCLUSION
Hot tubs are a potential source of cutaneous infections with the gram-negative rod Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The most common clinical manifestation of these infections is "hot tub- or jacuzzi-folliculitis" with pustules mainly on the trunk and lymphadenopathy. In children and adolescents, the clinical picture may differ, with a predominance of tender reddish nodules on the palms or soles named "hot hand/hot foot syndrome". In general, the first-line antibiotic in an infection with pseudomonas aeruginosa is ciprofloxacin but it is not recommended in children and adolescents.
Topics: Adolescent; Drug Therapy, Combination; Hand Dermatoses; Humans; Hydrotherapy; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillanic Acid; Piperacillin; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Tazobactam; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 24983193
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1370154 -
Physical Therapy May 1971
Topics: Humans; Hydrotherapy; Immersion; Infant; Pediatrics
PubMed: 5581427
DOI: 10.1093/ptj/51.5.539